1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  S- heart, arteries, veins, capillaries  F- pump blood, transport  materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  S-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic vessels  F  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Cleanses the blood  Involved in immunity  Immunology- study of immune response Figure 1.2g

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  S-lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli  F-  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  S-stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder  F-  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material  Gastroenterology- study of GI tract Figure 1.2i

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  S- kidneys, urethra, bladder  F-  Filters blood, urine formation  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid-base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Reproductive  S- testes, Ovaries, uterus F- Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Life  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Also called irritability  Digestion  Break-down and absorption of nutrients

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Life  Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Produces energy  Makes body structures  2 types:  Anabolic- build up  Catabolic- tear down  Excretion  Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Life  Reproduction  Produces future generation  Growth  Increases cell size and number of cells  Conductivity  Ability to transmit a wave of excitement  Respiration  Absorbing, transporting, or exchanging gases

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Life  Absorption  The movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the intestine into the body  Secretion  The production and delivery of specialized substances such as digestive juices  Circulation  The movement of body fluids, nutrients, hormones, and waste products

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  37 degrees C (98.6 F)  Most body heat generated by skeletal muscles  Atmospheric pressure  Needed for breathing and exchange of gases

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease  Stressors  Things that bring the body out of homeostasis

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Control center Imbalance Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1a Variable (in homeostasis)

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1b Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 3 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Control center Imbalance

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 5 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Hypothalamus in the brain  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat  Is inhibitory

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Somatotypes  Ectomorph- tall and slender  Endomorph- large amount of fat  Mesomorph- very muscular

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Somatotypes  Used to predict who is at risk for certain diseases  Apple shaped (endomorph) are at risk for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure  Carry fat around middle  Pear-shaped carry fat in hips, thighs, butt  Gender, nutrition, and heredity determine body type  Waist to hip ratio- used to evaluate risk of disease