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Growth of the 13 Colonies Chapter 4
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Today’s Objective Explain how geography affected the economic development of the three colonial regions
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Founding of the 13 colonies
Colony Reasons Founded Founders New England Colonies Mass. Bay Colony Religious Freedom John Carver/John Winthrop New Hampshire Profit From Trade John Mason Rhode Island Roger Williams Connecticut Profit from Trade/Religious Freedom Thomas Hooker Middle Colonies New York Expand Trade Dutch Settlers Delaware Swedish Settlers New Jersey John Berkeley Pennsylvania William Penn Southern Colonies Virginia John Smith Maryland Cecil Calvert N. Carolina Profit from trade Farmers from Virginia S. Carolina Profit from Trade Georgia Religious Freedoms James Oglethorpe
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Ch. 4, Section 1 Life in the Colonies
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The New England Colonies
Farming was the main economic activity in all NE colonies Much smaller than southern farms Long winters, and thin, rocky soil made large scale-farming difficult Practiced subsistence farming: Produce just enough to meet their needs , with little left over to sell or exchange Everyone in family worked
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New England colonies Commerce in New England
Large # of small businesses Larger towns attracted skilled craftspeople Blacksmiths, shoemakers, gunsmiths, metal smiths, & printers Shipbuilding & Fishing = main industries Lumber for ships came from nearby forests, and transported down rivers to shipyards Fished for: crabs, halibut, oysters, and even whales
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New England Colonies Colonial Trade
Northern coastal cities were the center of shipping trade Trade helped link Northern & southern colonies & America to other parts of the world Traded w/ colonies & islands in West Indies & across the Atlantic with goods to trade with England & Europe Many followed routes that came to be called the triangular trade, because the routes formed a triangle Sugar & molasses came from W.Indies to NE. Made into rum. Rum then sent to W.Africa and traded for slaves.
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New England Colonies Colonial Trade
Slavery was widely practiced in West Africa Prisoners of war were enslaved after defeat in war Some sold to Arab traders Some worked in gold mines or fields European arrival in Africa, sparked the beginning of a long lasting slave trade to America in exchange for goods
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New England Colonies The Middle Passage
The voyage of African slaves began with a bounded, march to a European fort in West Africa. They would then be packed onto ships and shipped to the West Indies on voyage known as the Middle Passage Chained together for more than a month, they were given little food or water, and may who were sick or died were tossed overboard Survivors would meet a greater terror Slave markets sold over 12 million Africans into slavery as laborers in plantations all over the colonies, between 1400s and 1800s
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The Middle Colonies Fertile soil & milder climates allowed for production of bigger harvests , than NE NY & Penn, grew wheat and other cash crops Used by families & sold in colonial markets NYC & Philadelphia became large port cities, w/ large populations Industries Large businesses: lumbering, mining, small-scale manufacturing
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The Middle Colonies German immigrants
100,000 came to North America during colonial era Mostly in Pennsylvania, they were farmers Dutch, Swedes, and other non-English immigrants also came, creating tolerance for many cultural differences
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The Southern Colonies & Slavery
Rich soil and warm climate made the South suitable for certain kinds of farming Produce large harvests of cash crops Most people made their living from farming, leaving little room for industry or commerce
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The Southern Colonies & Slavery
Tobacco Tobacco=principal, or most important, cash crop of Maryland & Virginia Most sold to Europe Required great deal of labor to produce, which increased the need for African slaves Slaveholders w/large farms became extremely wealthy However, a surplus, or extra amounts, caused prices to fall and led to the growth of the corn & wheat industries
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The Southern Colonies & Slavery
Rice Main cash crop in S. Carolina & Georgia Also extremely strenuous to produce Increased slave labor two- fold Became more profitable than tobacco industry By 1750s, S. Carolina & Georgia had the fastest growing economies
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The Southern Colonies & Slavery
Tidewater Southern plantations located in the Tidewater Region of low-lying plains along the seacoast Plantations Self-contained community with fields stretching around a cluster of buildings Owners wife in charge of main house and household slaves Barns, slave houses, stables were also part of plantions Larger plantations might have had own chapels & school
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Southern Colonies & Slavery
Backcountry Lied west of Tidewater, included hills and forests the stretched into the Appalachian Mountains Families usually grew corn & tobacco, with larger farms owning one or two slaves Significantly smaller than plantations, yet the number of small backcountry farms outnumbered large plantations However, the wealth that came with the plantations caused the plantation owners to rule economic & political life of the region.
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Southern Slavery Most enslaved Africans lived on plantations
some did household work, but many suffered the cruelty of working in the fields 1705-the colony of Virginia created the slave codes: Strict rules that governed the behavior & punishment of enslaved Africans Did not permit slaves to leave plantation w/o permission Illegal to teach slaves to read or write Illegal for slaves to move about freely or assemble in large groups Allowed slaves to be whipped for minor offenses & hung or burned to death for serious crimes
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Southern Colonies and Slavery
Criticism of Slavery Majority of Southern Whites were not slave holders, yet slavery played a huge role in the economic success of Southern Colonies Success was built on idea that one human being could be own another Northern colonies less supportive Puritans refused to own enslaved people Quakers & Mennonites condemned it, in Penn. Debate would erupt in bloody Civil War, in late 1860s
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Economies New England colonies- Middle colonies Southern Colonies
Shipbuilding Fishing Trade Geographical Affect: Location to waterways & Atlantic, plus poor soil and cold winters Middle colonies Sale of cash crops: wheat & corn Geographical Affect: fertile soil & milder climate Southern Colonies Slavery Geographical Affect: rich soil & warm climate made land suitable to grow tobacco and rice, which were labor intensive to produce, thus there was a high need for laborers, unfortunately slave labor.
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