1. M ORAL C ONTROL

2. N OTES : M OVIES Reformers tried to enforce morality by law. They sought to ban gambling, amusement parks, dance halls, and movie theaters. Movies were the main cause of this: Many movies were seen as immoral and sending the wrong message. They were shown in immigrant neighborhoods in five cent halls called nickelodeons. Some cities and states set up censorship boards.

3. N OTES : P ROSTITUTION Major social problem in urbanizing America. Male procurers lured new female immigrants into the prostitution business and collected some of their income. Prostitutes made more money than women working in a factory. Early twentieth century prostitutes could earn five times more than the average factory worker. The Mann Act (1910) Banned transportation of women across state lines to use them for “immoral purposes”.

4. N OTES : H YGIENE American Social Hygiene Association of 1914 Created by John D. Rockefeller Jr. (son of Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller Sr.) during the social hygiene movement. Sought to improve health of individuals, their families, and entire communities especially regarding sexually transmitted diseases Most diseases were transmitted because of prostitution The members of the association felt that the elimination of prostitution would do away with STDs and STIs too.

5. N OTES : A LCOHOL Some campaigns had previously attempted to ban alcohol. Alcohol abuse was a big problem. Annual consumption of hard alcohol per person was about 2.6 gallons per year Poverty, domestic abuse, health issues, and other social pathologies were results of alcoholism.

6. N OTES : A NTI -S ALOON A CT Anti-Saloon Act (1895) Founding led the legal abolition of alcoholic beverages. Documented the role of alcohol, saloon problems, family disorders, political corruption, and workplace inefficiency. Supported by Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and other influential church agencies.

7. N OTES : D RUGS Opium Derived from juice of poppies Smoked by Chinese immigrants Also used in medicines Physicians and manufacturers freely used the derivatives morphine and heroin Cocaine Extracted from cocoa leaves Coca-Cola contained cocaine until about 1900. Hague Opium Treaty of 1912 A 12 nation agreement undertaken at US initiative.

8. N OTES : D RUGS CONT Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 Follow up of the Hague Treaty Strictly regulated drugs such as heroin, morphine, cocaine, and other addictive drugs