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Lead Black Slide. © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e2 Chapter 4 Information System Hardware.

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Presentation on theme: "Lead Black Slide. © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e2 Chapter 4 Information System Hardware."— Presentation transcript:

1 Lead Black Slide

2 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e2 Chapter 4 Information System Hardware

3 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e3 Our Agenda Computer Organization Input and Output Devices Primary Storage The Central Processing Unit Secondary Storage

4 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e4 Learning Objectives Describe the main components of the computer. List common input and output devices Describe how is data represented in a computer? Describe how primary storage is organized.

5 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e5 Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Describe the structure and function of the central processing unit (CPU). Describe how is data stored and retrieved using common forms of secondary storage?

6 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e6 Computer Organization Information System Hardware

7 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e7 What is a computer A computer is a device that is 1.Electronic 2.Can store data 3.Can store and follow a set of software instructions, called a program.

8 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e8 Input Devices An input device accepts data from outside the computer and converts it into an electronic form the computer can understand. Examples include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital pen, and digital tablet.

9 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e9 Output Devices An output device converts data from an electronic form inside the computer to a form that can be used outside the computer. Examples include a screen, monitor, printer, and fax.

10 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e10 Primary Storage Primary storage, also called internal storage, is the “memory”, or RAM, of the computer. Primary storage, which is temporary storage, is dependent upon continuous electrical power. Any interruption of electrical power causes the contents of primary storage to be lost.

11 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e11 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU, or processor, carries out the instructions of the program. It contains circuits that perform arithmetic and logical operations. Data is transferred from primary storage to the CPU with the results sent back to primary storage.

12 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e12 Secondary Storage Secondary storage, also called auxiliary storage, stores data not currently being processed by the computer and represents permanent storage. Data is usually transferred to and from primary storage. Examples include hard disks, floppy disks, ZIP disks, CDROMs, and DVDs.

13 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e13 Input and Output Devices Information System Hardware

14 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e14 Keyboards Most widely used input device. Possible physical problems include Repetitive strain injuries Carpal tunnel syndrome Ergonomically designed keyboards may improve user comfort and efficiency and reduce risk of injury.

15 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e15 Pointing Devices Mouse Trackball Trackpoint Trackpad, also called a touchpad Cursor

16 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e16 Other input devices Touch screen Pen input Graphics tablet Digitizer tablet Light pen

17 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e17 Optical Scanning Input Devices Bar-code scanner Universal Product Code (UPC) Flat bed, or page scanner Automatic document feeder (ADF) scanner Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Mark-sense readers

18 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e18 Magnetic Scanning Input Devices Magnetic strip reader Credit cards ID Cards Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) – used at the bottom of all checks by the banking industry.

19 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e19 Voice Input Devices Voice recognition software Dragon Naturally Speaking Via-Voice Uses a microphone connected to the computer and translates the spoken word to text output.

20 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e20 Digital Input Devices Digital cameras that produce photographic quality images. Cameras connected to the computer for “live” images.

21 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e21 Screens, or Monitor, or CRT Key elements of a “screen” include: Pixels – picture elements arranged as a pattern of dots. Screen resolution – the number of pixels that can be displayed on a screen at one time. Refresh rate – the number of times per second that screen “repaints” itself.

22 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e22 Screens, or Monitor, or CRT (cont’d.) Types of monitors Traditional “tube” monitors, or cathode ray tube (CRT). Flat-panel screens – most common type is liquid crystal display (LCD). Screen projector used to display a computers output on a large screen.

23 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e23 Printers Printer classifications Impact printer Nonimpact printer Serial printers Line printers Page printers Letter-quality printers Draft-quality printers

24 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e24 Desktop printers Ink-jet, or bubble-jet printer Typically 200 to 300 characters per second Laser printers Typically between 4 and 24 pages per minute. Dot matrix printer Typically between 200 and 300 characters per second.

25 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e25 High volume printers Line printers High end line printers can print as much as 3,600 lines per minute (at 60 lines per page, that is 60 page per minute) and can cost $50,000. Page printers High end page printers can print as much as 200 pages per minute and can cost $100,000.

26 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e26 Other Output Devices Plotters Voice output devices – converting digitized data into synthesized speech Sound output devices – speakers Specialized devices for people with disabilities – can include large typeface screens, Braille display devices, special pointing devices, or headphones.

27 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e27 Virtual Reality Virtual reality is the use of a computer to produce realistic images and sounds in such a way that the user senses that he or she is a part of the scene. Examples include architectural design, home remodeling, aircraft design, machine design, and more.

28 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e28 Primary Storage Information System Hardware

29 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e29 Primary Storage Structure Input data is stored in primary storage (memory) after it is received from an input device. Output data is stored in primary storage before it is sent to an output device. Without sufficient primary storage, it may not be possible to execute certain programs or use certain data.

30 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e30 Primary Storage Structure (cont’d.) Silicon chips – integrated circuits Volatile storage – dependent upon continuous power Random Access Memory (RAM) Non-volatile storage Read-Only Memory (ROM)

31 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e31 Primary Storage Structure (cont’d.) Binary representation A combination of positive and negative electrical charges, represented by 1s and 0s when written to represent a character. One “charge” is called a bit. Eight bits are required to represent a single character, called a byte. The 256 possible (2 8 ) binary combinations are defined in character set.

32 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e32 Primary Storage Structure (cont’d.) Personal computer character set ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange Mainframe computer character set EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code Though each contains 256 characters, the definitions are not the same, so a “translator” is required for one machine type to “talk” with the other machine type.

33 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e33 Primary Storage Structure (cont’d.) Storage locations of the “bytes” are called allocation units each of which has a unique address. Storage capacities Kilobyte (KB) or 1024 bytes (2 10 ) – approximately 1,000 bytes, thus the “kilo” Megabyte (MB) or 1,048,756 bytes (2 20 ) Gigabyte (GB) or 1,073,741,824 bytes (2 30 ) Terabyte (TB) or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (2 40 )

34 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e34 The Central Processing Unit Information System Hardware

35 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e35 Two Main Parts of a CPU Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) May add, subtract, multiply and divide two numbers. More complex operations are are completed by using sequences of the four basic operations. Control Unit Analyzes and executes instructions in a program. Instructions are brought in one at a time from primary storage.

36 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e36 CPU Speed Early CPUs processed 8 or 16 bits at a time. Current CPUs process 32 bits, and some can process 64 or 128 bits at a time. The “roadway” from primary storage to the CPU is the bus. Higher bus capacities mean faster computers.

37 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e37 CPU Speed (cont’d.) Clock speed Measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). One MHz is one million cycles per second. One GHz is one billion cycles per second. Earliest IBM PCs ran at 4.77 MHz. Current PCs run at or above 1,000 MHz (1 GHz).

38 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e38 Common CPUs Microcomputer Intel 4004 Intel 8088 Intel 8086 Intel 80286 Intel 80386 Intel 80486 Intel Pentium Intel Pentium Pro Intel Pentium II Intel Pentium III Apple/Macintosh Motorola 68000 Motorola 68020 Motorola 68030 Motorola 68040 Motorola Power PC G3 AMD

39 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e39 Common CPUs (cont’d.) Minicomputer and Mainframe Developed by the manufacturer within a “line” of products HP3000 IBM System/390 DEC Alpha Supercomputers Generally specific to a single product

40 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e40 Secondary Storage Information System Hardware

41 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e41 Types of Secondary Storage Magnetic Disk Storage Floppy disk Hard disk ZIP disk Disk organization Disk Head (or side) Track Allocation Unit

42 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e42 Optical Disk Storage Compact disks (CDROMs) Capacity of approximately 600MB Writable Compact Disks (CD-RWs) Capacity of approximately 600MB Digital Video Disks or Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) Capacity of approximately 4.7GB to 17GB depending on how it is used.

43 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e43 Magnetic Tape Storage Magnetic tape has a capacity of 200MB to over 40GB. Data transferred to the tape via a magnetic tape drive. Data on a tape can only be read sequentially.

44 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e44 Information Systems Hardware Key Terms

45 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e45 Key Terms Address Arithmetic-Logic-Unit (ALU) ASCII Backup Copy Bar-Code Scanner Binary Digit (Bit) Byte CD-R/CD-ROM/CD-RW Central Processing Unit (CPU) Chip Compact Disk Computer Control Unit VRT Cursor Disk Pack

46 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e46 Key Terms (cont’d.) Dot-Matrix Printer Draft-Quality Printer DVD/DVD-ROM EBCDIC Ergonomics Flat Panel Screen Floppy Disk Gigabyte (GB) Gigahertz (GHz) Hard Disk Impact Printer Input Device Ink-Jet Printer Keyboard Kilobyte (KB) Laser Printer Letter-Quality Printer Line Printer

47 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e47 Key Terms (cont’d.) Machine Language Magnetic Disk Magnetic Disk Drive Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Magnetic Strip Reader Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Drive Massively Parallel Processing Megabyte (MB) Megahertz (MHz) Microprocessor Microsecond Millisecond Monitor Mouse

48 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e48 Key Terms (cont’d.) Multifunction Printer Multimedia Multiprocessing Nanosecond Nonimpact Printer Nonvolatile Storage Optical Disk Optical Disk Drive Output Device Page Printer Parity Bit Pen Input Peripheral Equipment Pixel Plotter Primary (Internal) Storage Printer

49 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e49 Key Terms (cont’d.) Processor Program RAID Random Access Memory (RAM) Random (Direct) Access Read Only Memory (ROM) Scanner Screen Screen Projector Screen Resolution Secondary (Auxiliary) Storage Sequential Access Serial Printer Storage Location Terabyte (TB)

50 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e50 Key Terms (cont’d.) Terminal Touch Screen Track Trackball Trackpad Trackpoint Unicode Video Display Terminal (VDT) Virtual Reality Volatile Storage

51 © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e51 Summary Computer Organization Input and Output Devices Primary Storage The Central Processing Unit Secondary Storage

52 Final Black Slide

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