1. Organic Macromolecules
Objectives:
Describe the basic structure and function of sugars.
Name 3 saccharides and describe their functions.
Identify a general characteristic of lipids.
Describe the structure and function of fats.
List functions of proteins.
Describe the structure of amino acids and proteins.
Describe factors that influence protein shape.

2. Organic Molecules
Recall molecules are two or more atoms bonded covalently (sharing electrons).
Inorganic molecules are non-carbon based. Ex. NH3, H2O and O2.
Organic molecules are carbon based.
The term “macromolecule” means large molecule.

3. Functional Group
Functional group are a group of atoms within a molecule that interact in predictable ways.
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Amino acid

4. Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are composed of hundreds or millions of atoms.
Monomers are similar small molecules that link together.
Polymers are straight chains of monomers linked together.
Monomers are to polymers like letters are to words.
The term “macromolecule” means large molecule.

5. Building and Breaking Polymers
Dehydration Reaction is the process of adding a monomer to a chain. When a monomer is linked, a water molecule is formed.
Hydrolysis uses water to break a polymer chain.
Water is involved in both the building and breaking of polymers.
Carbohydrates also play a role in cell-to-cell recognition. Carbohydrates have the atomic grouping H-C-OH, in which the ratio of H to O atoms is close to 2:1.

6. Four Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid
The term “macromolecule” means large molecule.

7. The Task
You are responsible for learning about three of the four organic macromolecules.
There are options:
Puzzle
PPT
Textbook
We will determine which option you will use to obtain your notes.
The term “macromolecule” means large molecule.

8. PowerPoint Notes
Read through the notes and fill in the following information for each molecule:
Definition
Element Composition
Examples
Function in Body
Monomer
Simple Polymer
Complex Polymer

9. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates serve as quick energy and short-term energy storage.
They play a structural role in plants, bacteria, and insects.
Monomers of carbohydrates are the monosaccharides:
glucose
fructose
galactose
Carbohydrates also play a role in cell-to-cell recognition. Carbohydrates have the atomic grouping H-C-OH, in which the ratio of H to O atoms is close to 2:1.

10. Structure of Glucose

11. A disaccharide is made from linking two monosaccharides together.

12. Examples of polysaccharides: Starch
Larger polysaccharides are made from linking many glucose molecules together through condensation synthesis.
Examples of polysaccharides:
Starch
glycogen
cellulose
Starch and glycogen are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose is found in plant cell walls. In cellulose, the glucose chains are joined differently than in glycogen or starch; human digestive enzymes cannot break these linkages in cellulose (thus humans derive no energy from eating cellulose).

13. Lipids
Lipids serve as long-term energy stores in cells, form membranes, and serve as hormones and insulation.
Lipids do not dissolve in water.
Fats and oils are formed from a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

14. Structure of Triglycerides

15. Fatty acids are long chains of hydrocarbons ending in - COOH
Fatty acids may be saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids are commonly from animal sources and are solid at room temperature. There are no double covalent bonds between carbons; these molecules are saturated with hydrogen atoms at every position. Saturated fatty acids are associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Unsaturated fatty acids come from plants sources and are liquid at room temperature. One or more double covalent bonds are found within the carbon chain; these molecules do not have hydrogen atoms at every position along the carbon chain.

16. Some lipids are phospholipids that form cell membranes.

17. Other lipids are steroids.
Examples include cholesterol, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone.

18. Proteins Proteins perform many functions in cells. Proteins:
Serve as structural proteins
Act as enzymes to speed reactions
Serve as transport carriers
Act as antibodies
Allow materials to cross cell membranes

19. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Amino acids have an amino group (–NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). The rest of the molecule is the R group for Remainder of the molecule. It is the R group that varies from one amino acid to the next.

20. Peptide bonds join amino acids.

21. Proteins have levels of organization. Proteins can be denatured.
Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Secondary structure is any folding or twisting of the chain in space. Tertiary structure comes about when proteins fold into globular shapes. Quaternary structure occurs in proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain twisted together.
Extremes in temperature or pH, or chemicals, radiation, and so forth can cause proteins to unfold, thus denaturing them.