2. Nationalism World War II is one of the most important and glorious chapters of American History. The actions of the US in WWII were completely and totally justified and unselfish and without fault. World War II is one of the most important and glorious chapters of American History. The actions of the US in WWII were completely and totally justified and unselfish and without fault.

3. Causes of World War II Nationalism Nationalism Militarism Militarism Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

4. Causes of World War II Appeasement Appeasement Totalitarianism Totalitarianism Imperialism Imperialism Isolationism Isolationism

6. Great Britain * Allies Traditionally has a strong navy. Traditionally has a strong navy. Large overseas empire. Large overseas empire. Followed policy of Appeasement until Poland was invaded. Followed policy of Appeasement until Poland was invaded. Barely survived Battle of Dunkirk. Barely survived Battle of Dunkirk. Won the Battle of Britain. Won the Battle of Britain.

7. France * Allies Controls the disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine. Controls the disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine. Fears another German Invasion. Fears another German Invasion. Maginot Line - Largest Army in Europe. Maginot Line - Largest Army in Europe.

8. United States * Allies Isolationist Isolationist Franklin D. Roosevelt {2nd term} Franklin D. Roosevelt {2nd term} Suffering from Great Depression Suffering from Great Depression Passed Neutrality Laws in 1935 Passed Neutrality Laws in 1935 Enters war December 7, 1941 Enters war December 7, 1941

9. Soviet Union * Allies 1917-1991 1917-1991 Totalitarian State Totalitarian State Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Invaded by Germany Invaded by Germany June 22,1941 June 22,1941

10. Germany * Axis Defeated during WWI Defeated during WWI Punished by the Treaty of Versailles Punished by the Treaty of Versailles Suffers greatly during world wide depression Suffers greatly during world wide depression Democracy seems to have failed. Democracy seems to have failed.

11. Germany *Axis Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933. Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933. Hitler given dictatorial powers by the Reichstag in 1934. Hitler given dictatorial powers by the Reichstag in 1934. Hitler declares himself Fuhrer. Hitler declares himself Fuhrer. Totalitarian State Totalitarian State

12. Germany * Axis Nazi - National Socialist German Workers Party. Nazi - National Socialist German Workers Party. Believe in a strong Central Govt.. Believe in a strong Central Govt.. Strong military. Strong military. German race is superior. German race is superior. Hitler was the party leader. Hitler was the party leader.

13. Nuremburg Laws 1935 Cannot practice medicine Cannot practice medicine Segregated public trans. Segregated public trans. Restricted shopping hours Restricted shopping hours 8:00pm curfew 8:00pm curfew Wear the star of David Wear the star of David Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism

17. `

23. Italy * Axis Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Wanted to re-establish Roman Empire. Wanted to re-establish Roman Empire. Fascism Fascism Nation is more important than individuals. Nation is more important than individuals. Totalitarian State Totalitarian State Invaded Ethiopia 10-17-1935 Invaded Ethiopia 10-17-1935

24. Japan * Axis Emperor Hirohito Emperor Hirohito Totalitarian State Totalitarian State The Great War for Expansion The Great War for Expansion No natural resources No natural resources Military controls country. Military controls country. Attacked Pearl Harbor Attacked Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941

25. Neutrality Laws 1935-37 No transporting of weapons to warring nations. No transporting of weapons to warring nations. Materials must be sold on a cash and carry basis. Materials must be sold on a cash and carry basis. Americans cannot travel on ships of warring nations. Americans cannot travel on ships of warring nations.

26. Munich Pact Germany, Britain, France Germany, Britain, France Sudetenland Sudetenland Lebensraum Lebensraum Appeasement – Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain October 1938 October 1938

28. Poland Invaded by Germany September 1, 1939 September 1, 1939 Official Start of WWII Official Start of WWII Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. August 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact. August 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact. Poland falls in 30 days. Poland falls in 30 days.

29. Lend Lease War materials sent to Britain without payment. War materials sent to Britain without payment. Later extended to the Soviet Union. Later extended to the Soviet Union. Reversal of Neutrality Laws. Reversal of Neutrality Laws.

30. Atlantic Charter War aims of the Allies. War aims of the Allies. Written and signed by Churchill and Roosevelt. Written and signed by Churchill and Roosevelt. Self-Determination- Self-Determination- May 1941 - 79% Americans against war. May 1941 - 79% Americans against war. Oct 1941 Reuben James sunk still unwilling to go to war. Oct 1941 Reuben James sunk still unwilling to go to war.

31. Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 Japan bombs US Navy and Army bases in Hawaii without warning. Japan bombs US Navy and Army bases in Hawaii without warning. US enters the war. US enters the war.

32. US Military 16,000,000 16,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 400,000 400,000 70% Army 70% Army 26% Navy 26% Navy 4% Marines 4% Marines

40. Korematsu v. United States (1945) During World War II, just after Pearl Harbor, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. During World War II, just after Pearl Harbor, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. The federal government targeted anyone of Japanese descent living within 60 miles of the west coast of the United States. 140,000 Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon and Washington were first subject to a curfew and later rounded up and interned at what were called Assembly Centers, but were essentially jails. The federal government targeted anyone of Japanese descent living within 60 miles of the west coast of the United States. 140,000 Japanese Americans living in California, Oregon and Washington were first subject to a curfew and later rounded up and interned at what were called Assembly Centers, but were essentially jails. In Hirabayashi v. United States (1943) the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the curfew order was constitutional. But the next case overshadowed Hirabayashi. In Hirabayashi v. United States (1943) the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the curfew order was constitutional. But the next case overshadowed Hirabayashi. Fred Korematsu was born in San Francisco, tried to join the military but was denied for health reasons, and instead worked as a welder in the defense industry. Fred Korematsu was born in San Francisco, tried to join the military but was denied for health reasons, and instead worked as a welder in the defense industry. He was engaged to an Italian-American woman and decided to undergo plastic surgery to convince authorities that he was of Spanish-Hawaiian origin. He was engaged to an Italian-American woman and decided to undergo plastic surgery to convince authorities that he was of Spanish-Hawaiian origin. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.

41. Justice Hugo Black for the 6-3 Majority The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights. Justice Black argued that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect due to its racial classification, is justified during circumstances of "emergency and peril.“ Justice Black argued that compulsory exclusion, though constitutionally suspect due to its racial classification, is justified during circumstances of "emergency and peril.“ “Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures, because they decided that the military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast temporarily, and, finally, because Congress, reposing its confidence in this time of war in our military leaders — as inevitably it must — determined that they should have the power to do just this.” “Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures, because they decided that the military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast temporarily, and, finally, because Congress, reposing its confidence in this time of war in our military leaders — as inevitably it must — determined that they should have the power to do just this.”

42. Strict Scrutiny The government has the burden of proving that its challenged policy is constitutional. To withstand strict scrutiny, the government must show that its policy is necessary to achieve a compelling state interest The government has the burden of proving that its challenged policy is constitutional. To withstand strict scrutiny, the government must show that its policy is necessary to achieve a compelling state interest

44. “This exclusion goes over ‘the very brink of constitutional power’ and falls into the ugly abyss of racism.”“This exclusion goes over ‘the very brink of constitutional power’ and falls into the ugly abyss of racism.” “The judicial test of whether the Government, on a plea of military necessity, can validly deprive and individual of any of his constitutional rights is whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is so ‘immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger.”“The judicial test of whether the Government, on a plea of military necessity, can validly deprive and individual of any of his constitutional rights is whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is so ‘immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger.” “I dissent from the legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. All residents of this nation are kin in some way by blood or culture to a foreign land. Yet they are primarily and necessarily a part of the new and distinct civilization of the United States. They must accordingly be treated at all times as the heirs of the American experiment and as entitled to all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.”“I dissent from the legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. All residents of this nation are kin in some way by blood or culture to a foreign land. Yet they are primarily and necessarily a part of the new and distinct civilization of the United States. They must accordingly be treated at all times as the heirs of the American experiment and as entitled to all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.” Justice Frank Murphy Dissenting Justice Frank Murphy Dissenting

45. “While an unconstitutional order will only last as long as the conflict, a judicial construction of the due process clause that will this order is a far more subtle blow to liberty than the order itself.”“While an unconstitutional order will only last as long as the conflict, a judicial construction of the due process clause that will this order is a far more subtle blow to liberty than the order itself.” “The Court for all time has validated the principle of a racial discrimination in criminal procedure and of transplanting American citizens. The principle then lies about like a loaded weapon ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need.”“The Court for all time has validated the principle of a racial discrimination in criminal procedure and of transplanting American citizens. The principle then lies about like a loaded weapon ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need.” Justice Robert Jackson Dissenting Justice Robert Jackson Dissenting

46. Korematsu Aftermath Handed down the same day at Korematsu, the Court held in Ex parte Endo (1945) that while exclusion was constitutional, citizens deemed “loyal” must be set free. This decision helped lead to the re-opening of the West Coast for resettlement by Japanese-Americans. Handed down the same day at Korematsu, the Court held in Ex parte Endo (1945) that while exclusion was constitutional, citizens deemed “loyal” must be set free. This decision helped lead to the re-opening of the West Coast for resettlement by Japanese-Americans. The 1948 Japanese-Americans Claims Act allowed camp detainees to receive compensation for their losses. The government received $131 million in claims, and paid $38 million to settle them. The 1948 Japanese-Americans Claims Act allowed camp detainees to receive compensation for their losses. The government received $131 million in claims, and paid $38 million to settle them. In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which gave $20,000 in reparations to each of the 75,000 surviving camp detainees, as well as an apology for their losses of liberty and property. In 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which gave $20,000 in reparations to each of the 75,000 surviving camp detainees, as well as an apology for their losses of liberty and property. In 1998, President Clinton awarded Fred Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1998, President Clinton awarded Fred Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

47. Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII. Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII. Strong will and personality helped the British survive the Blitz. Strong will and personality helped the British survive the Blitz.

48. Franklin Roosevelt Liberal - Democrat Liberal - Democrat Elected to Four terms. Elected to Four terms. Crippled by Polio Crippled by Polio Wealthy Family Wealthy Family Co-wrote Atlantic Charter Co-wrote Atlantic Charter

55. Joseph Stalin Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924-1953 Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924-1953 20 million killed in labor camps during his tenure. 20 million killed in labor camps during his tenure.

56. Adolf Hitler Leader of the Third Reich Leader of the Third Reich WWI veteran WWI veteran Born in Austria. Born in Austria. Arrested in 1923 and jailed for treason. Arrested in 1923 and jailed for treason. Committed Suicide in 1945 Committed Suicide in 1945

57. Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy. Fascist dictator of Italy. Known as IL DUCE. Known as IL DUCE. Made Italy’s economy stable. Made Italy’s economy stable. Made the trains run on time. Made the trains run on time.

58. The Big Three Joseph Stalin USSR. Joseph Stalin USSR. Franklin Roosevelt USA Franklin Roosevelt USA Winston Churchill Great Britain. Winston Churchill Great Britain. At Tehran Conf. At Tehran Conf.

59. Dwight D Eisenhower During WWII was the Allied Commander in Europe. During WWII was the Allied Commander in Europe. After WWII was the commander of NATO Troops. After WWII was the commander of NATO Troops. 34th President 34th President

60. George S Patton Veteran of Pershing’s Expedition into Mexico. Veteran of Pershing’s Expedition into Mexico. WWI Veteran WWI Veteran Most feared Allied General. Most feared Allied General. Liberated Buchenwald Liberated Buchenwald

62. Montgomery & Patton Field marshal Montgomery was the leading British commander. Field marshal Montgomery was the leading British commander. Patton and Montgomery did not get along. Patton and Montgomery did not get along.

63. Harry S Truman WWI veteran WWI veteran Senator from Missouri Senator from Missouri FDR’s Vice Pres. FDR’s Vice Pres. 33rd President 33rd President Dropped the bomb on Japan. Dropped the bomb on Japan.

64. Operation Barbarosa June 22, 1941 June 22, 1941 German Invasion of Soviet Union German Invasion of Soviet Union Blitzkrieg ineffective Blitzkrieg ineffective Vast distances Vast distances Spring rains/ Russian Winter Spring rains/ Russian Winter Scorched Earth Policy Scorched Earth Policy

66. Operation Torch 1942 1942 Allied Invasion of North Africa Allied Invasion of North Africa Opens a second front against Germany Opens a second front against Germany Allied Victory. Allied Victory.

67. Casablanca Conference January 1943 January 1943 Meet for the first time near the front during the war. Meet for the first time near the front during the war. Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Roosevelt Unconditional Surrender. Unconditional Surrender.

68. Operation Overlord D-Day June 6, 1944 June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of France. Allied invasion of France. Largest amphibious assault in history. Largest amphibious assault in history. Along 5 beaches of Normandy. Along 5 beaches of Normandy. Dwight D Eisenhower commander. Dwight D Eisenhower commander.

70. Battle of the Bulge December 1944 - January 1945 December 1944 - January 1945 German counter-attack German counter-attack Slows down American advance into Germany. Slows down American advance into Germany. Allied Victory Allied Victory

71. VE Day May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders Germany surrenders

74. Atomic Weapons Germany was working to develop Atomic bombs. Germany was working to develop Atomic bombs. V-2 rockets were hitting London with regular bombs in 1944. V-2 rockets were hitting London with regular bombs in 1944.

77. Battle of the Coral Sea May 1942 May 1942 Stops Japanese advance toward Australia. Stops Japanese advance toward Australia. US victory US victory Between ship launched aircraft on both sides. Between ship launched aircraft on both sides.

80. Battle of Midway June 1942 June 1942 Stops Japanese advance west. Stops Japanese advance west. Half way between Japan and Hawaii. Half way between Japan and Hawaii. US victory. US victory. Japan is no longer an offensive threat. Japan is no longer an offensive threat.

81. Terms Island Hopping Island Hopping Kamikaze Kamikaze Manhattan Project Manhattan Project PT - 109 PT - 109 Iwo Jima Iwo Jima

82. Iwo JIma 8 square mile island. 8 square mile island. Required for airbases. Required for airbases. Land based bombers could hit Japan. Land based bombers could hit Japan. Fighter escort would be available. Fighter escort would be available.

83. Iwo Jima 20,000 Japanese troops heavily fortified. 20,000 Japanese troops heavily fortified. 800 pillbox, 3 miles of tunnels. 800 pillbox, 3 miles of tunnels. Fortifying had gone on for years. Fortifying had gone on for years.

84. Iwo Jima 70,000 US Marines invade, 20,000 Japanese defending. 70,000 US Marines invade, 20,000 Japanese defending. Battle lasts 26 days. Battle lasts 26 days.

85. Iwo Jima US 6,821 killed US 6,821 killed 19,217 wounded 19,217 wounded Battle fatigue 2,648 Battle fatigue 2,648 20,000 Japanese KIA 20,000 Japanese KIA

95. Important Dates July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 August 6, 1945 August 6, 1945 August 9, 1945 August 9, 1945 August 15, 1945 August 15, 1945 September 2, 1945 September 2, 1945

106. Hiroshima August 6, 1945 August 6, 1945 70,000-100,000 killed by the blast. 70,000-100,000 killed by the blast. Five square miles destroyed. Five square miles destroyed. Another 100,000 Another 100,000

108. Nagasaki August 9, 1945 August 9, 1945 40,000 – 90,000 killed by the blast. 40,000 – 90,000 killed by the blast. Another 100,000 Another 100,000

109. Tokyo March 9, 1945 March 9, 1945 Tokyo fire bombed. Tokyo fire bombed. 100,000 killed 100,000 killed 3 million homeless 3 million homeless

114. Final Solution Nazi attempt to erase the Jewish Race. Nazi attempt to erase the Jewish Race. 1942-1945 1942-1945 12 million people 12 million people 6 million Jews 6 million Jews

115. Final Solution The Nuremburg Laws of 34,35,36 evolved into the Final Solution. The Nuremburg Laws of 34,35,36 evolved into the Final Solution. German public was unarmed by gun laws 1938. German public was unarmed by gun laws 1938.