1. China, India, Japan, & the “Asian Tigers”
Unit 12: Modern Asia
China, India, Japan, & the “Asian Tigers”

2. For almost 2,000 years, China was the world’s most dominant empire because of trade along the silk road & the power of the ruling dynasties

3. In the 1600s & 1700s, European nations became powerful, began exploring, & claiming colonies
The Industrial Revolution in the 1700s & 1800s made Europe the center of power in the world

4. Europeans used imperialism to control Africa & Asia
Britain used the Opium Wars to claim trade rights in China
By 1900, China was weak & divided into spheres of influence

5. A group of reformers called nationalists (Guomindang) called for changes
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen ended the Chinese dynastic system & created a democracy called the Republic of China

6. But, the republic did not modernize China & led to an era of chaos
In the 1920s, nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek took over & ran China as a dictatorship
Meanwhile, communism was growing in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong
Mao’ s Communist Party gained popularity among poor peasants by offering to redistribute land from wealthy warlords

7. Why did the Communists dislike the Nationalists?
Corruption in the government
Poor living conditions
No health care for poor
No education
Hunger disease
Poverty
All powerful government

8. Long March Leader: Mao Zedong Action: Long March 1934
Mao & 100,000 followers fled Guomindang/ Nationalists
Peasants support Communists
Set up base in the north

9. When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945
From 1930 to 1949, Nationalists & Communists fought in a bloody civil war for control of China
When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945
After WWII, Communists gained support & began to win control of China

10. The three “revolutionary” Communists
In 1949, the Communists won the Civil War & Mao created the Peoples’ Republic of China
Chiang’s gov’t fled China & and moved government to Taiwan
The USA was shocked when China fell to communism & only recognized the Nationalists as the gov’t of China until 1979
The three “revolutionary” Communists
Karl Marx Vladimir Lenin Mao Zedong

11. Reasons why Communist were Successful
Won support of peasant population by promising them land
Won support of women by rejecting traditional Confucian values (husband to wife)
Hit and run guerilla warfare
Nationalist (Guomindang) government was corrupt
Wanted to rid foreigners

12. Based upon this propaganda poster, what changes will Mao propose for China?

13. Mao was determined to reshape China’s economy based on Marxist socialism
He seized land from the rich & divided the land among the poor peasants
Mao followed Stalin’s example by creating collective farms & a Five Year Plan to improve Chinese industry

14. Based upon this propaganda poster, what two things will Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” focus on?

15. In 1958, Mao began a massive program to create agriculture & industry called the “Great Leap Forward”
Millions of Chinese citizens were sent to work on large collective farms to grow food
Other citizens were required to work on massive industrial projects like making iron & steel or building dams & railroads
“Backyard furnaces” to make iron
Image of a “People’s Commune”

16. “Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China
“Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China. Catch up with Britain & America.” --Mao, 1958

17. Mao’s Great Leap Forward started well…

18. …but it required forced labor & led to lots of suffering by millions of Chinese citizens

19. The Great Leap Forward was a failure & led to severe food shortages, famine, & poor quality industry

20. Mao ended the Great Leap Forward after three years
Chinese peasants

21. Based upon this image, what was purpose of Mao’s “Cultural Revolution”?

22. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)
The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to emphasize Mao’s strict socialist ideas & attack traditional Chinese ideas
Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the “Little Red Book,” a book of his quotes that reinforced what was acceptable for Chinese communists

23. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)
Mao targeted young people & many joined the Red Guards, a group to protect the culture of the revolution
Red Guards closed schools & universities; burned books; & humiliated, beat, killed people who opposed Mao’s ideas

24. Parades united citizens
Attacked teachers, politicians, & critics
The Cultural Revolution unified the Chinese people but also led to the deaths or imprisonment of thousands of citizens
Executing teachers, politicians, critics

26. Communism under Mao Pro’s Con’s Literacy increased
Rural Chinese given healthcare
Old landlord and business classes were eliminated
One- party dictatorship
Denied basic rights and freedoms to people

27. Changing Role of Women Traditional 5 relationships (husband to wife)
Under communism:
Granted equality under the law
Expected to work alongside men on farms and factories
Result: few women had top government jobs
Not always paid the same
Overall status increased

28. In 1976, Mao died & was succeeded by moderate Communist leaders
In 1978, Deng Xiaoping took over China & began new economic reforms

29. Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms were called the Four Modernizations & involved using capitalist ideas to help improve the Chinese economy
Goal #1—Agriculture Ended collective farms & allowed farmers to rent land and grow crops for a profit
Price index for farm outputs
Goal #3—Defense Modernized the military & built more nuclear weapons
As a result, food production increased by 50%
Goal #4—Technology Invested in education, built a space program, & welcomed foreign technological ideas
Goal #2—Industry Allowed private businesses, relaxed controls over gov’t-run factories, & let foreign companies open in China
As a result, incomes rose & Chinese bought consumer goods, like TVs & appliances

30. Other Reforms Limited privatization: land leased to individual farmers
After giving food to government, could sell profits
Foreign investment
Welcomed foreign technology and capital
Results:
increased standard of living
Improved foreign relations
Widening gap between rich and poor
People wanted political freedoms as well
Creates a market economy

31. These economic reforms led to a boom in the overall Chinese economy; In 2010, China passed Japan & became the #2 economy in the world

32. Deng’s reforms had unintended consequences for Chinese society
China’s emphasis on education & the influx of Western companies led many Chinese to learn more about democracy & question their own lack of personal freedoms
Thousands of students demanded democracy & protested in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989
student leader Wang Dan in Tiananmen Square calling for a city wide march.

33. The Chinese gov’t arrested & executed leaders of the protest
Chinese soldiers & tanks attacked the crowd, killing hundreds of protestors
The Chinese gov’t arrested & executed leaders of the protest
Check out this fun link to see what web sites are censored in china
The Communist Party increased control over citizens by repressing pro-democracy demands, censoring the media & information, & repressing freedom of speech

34. Jiang Zemin Replaces Deng Xiaoping New leader of China
Human rights violations/forced labor camps
Continued Deng Xiaoping’s programs
Decreased central planning, increased private ownership.

35. One Child Policy One child policy to control population growth.
Male children desired
Female children abandoned
More than one child/ heavy fines/ loss of benefits/ loss of housing benefits
Forced sterilization

36. In 1997, Great Britain returned Hong Kong to China after ruling the colony for 155 years
Under British & Chinese control, Hong Kong served as a major commercial & financial center

37. Recent Chinese Presidents
Hu Jintao ( )
Moves China toward capitalism
More open to the world.
Effort to expand political participation of the people.
Campaign against corruption to help poor
Xi Jinping (2012- Present)
Continued campaign against corruption.
Expansion of market economy.
“Chinese Dream” national renewal mission

38. China has one of the fastest growing economies in the world; Others include Brazil, India, Russia (BRIC nations)
But, China has a low wage work force, large gap between rich & poor, few personal freedoms, & human rights violations

39. Video on “Manufacturing & China’s Economic Growth” (2.41)
China Today
Introduction to Diane Sawyer’s report on the “Stunning Economic Growth of China” (5:37)
Video on “Manufacturing & China’s Economic Growth” (2.41)

40. Japan and the “Asian Tigers”
EQ: How does Japan and other small Asian recover from the destruction of WWII and other wars? How does Japan and the West influence (and other foreign influence) small East Asian nations?

41. Post- WWII Japan
What factors allowed Japan to recover and produce an “economic miracle”?
1. Mass exports - Japan’s success was based on producing goods for export. At first, the nation manufactured textiles. Later, it shifted to making steel, and then to high technology.
2. Reliance on the past - While Japan had to rebuild from scratch, the nation had successfully industrialized in the past. Thus, it was able to quickly build efficient, modern factories and adapt the latest technology.
3. Emphasis on Education - Japan benefited from an educated, highly skilled work force.
4. No Wasting of $$$ - Japanese workers saved much of their money. These savings gave banks the capital to invest in industrial growth.
5. Limited Military - Japan did not have to spend money on maintaining a large military force…they no longer have any kind of real military, just a civil (self) defense force

42. Economic Successes
Between 1950 and 1970, Japan focused on technological products for export
The zaibatsu companies that existed pre-war converted their war time construction strategies into producing consumer products
Many of these companies follow a model of business known as kieretsu…it is a process by which Japanese companies are linked together as monopolies
As a result, Japan found a favorable trade balance with direct competition with the US in the areas of tech and automobile manufacturing by the 1980s…“All the best stuff’s made in Japan”
By the 1990s, slowdown occurred as the “bubble burst”…Japan was unable to continue extensive foreign investment and was forced to focus on maintaining its status as a tech/auto superpower

43. Political Changes
As a result of WWII, the emperor of Japan was stripped of all political power…Japan was transformed into a Constitutional Monarchy…a Prime Minister became the official head of state
The Diet (parliament) was given all the legislative power under the new constitution and a new party system was introduced to Japan
In terms of international relations, Japan has largely remained quiet.
Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso

44. Social Changes/Issues
Modern Japan has several social issues it deals with…
1) Population – Rampant growth in the 20th century has led to massive overcrowding.
2) Women – they have equality, but most have remain subordinate to their husbands…Japanese business is a male dominated world.
3) Suicide – Japan has the highest suicide rate in the world, particularly among individuals 13-35…pressures of work (12+ hour work days), school pressures (240 days of school), pressures to please the family, and pressures to have great personal success lead many Japanese to end their lives like the ancient samurai if they fail!

45. The “Asian Tigers”
The term “Asian Tigers” refers to the nations of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.
Each of these nations experienced growth in the second half of the 20th Century for two major reasons
1) The US and the West established a presence in these nations to prevent the spread of Communism after WWII
2) Japan and the West invested heavily in their economic growth, turning them into industrialized regions

46. Taiwan and Hong Kong TAIWAN HONG KONG
Taiwan was ruled by China until 1895, when it fell to Japan.
The Japanese built some industry, providing a foundation for later growth.
After Chiang Kai-Shek lost in China, he took democracy to Taiwain, backed by Japan and the US
Taiwan first set up light industries and later, developed heavy industry.
Britain won Hong Kong from China after the Opium War.
Hong Kong’s prosperity was based largely on trade (entrepot) and light industry.
Hong Kong also became a world financial center.
Hong Kong’s amazing growth was due in part to its location on China’s doorstep.
In 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China but Hong Kong remains a largely economically independent state.

47. Singapore Was another trading port of the British from 1819 to 1959
Upon independence from Britain in 1959 and Malaysia in 1963 Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew came to power…during his reign:
Supported a free-market economy
Attracted foreign capital by keeping labor costs low
Expanded Singapore’s seaport into one of the world’s busiest harbors
Welcomed skilled immigrants (China after WWII)
Insisted on education for all of Singapore’s people
Encouraged high-tech industries, manufacturing, finance, and tourism
Followed a Confucian model of development, emphasizing hard work and saving money
Established a system of strict laws and punishments, limits on freedom.

48. The Koreas
After WWII, the US and Soviet Union agreed to split the Korean Peninsula.
North Korea wanted the whole peninsula Communist, so they invaded the south in War ended in cease fire with border at 38th parallel.
South Korea, with the help of the US and Japan, became an industrial power
North Korea remains the only true Communist nation on Earth, with little interest in any outside influence.
The government of Kim Jong Il and his son Kim Jong Un is brutal; food is always in short supply, they focus on building nuclear weapons and war machines, and long to reunite with the south at any cost.
Current North Korean Ruler – Kim Jong Un

49. This trend was known as decolonization
At the end of World War II, many nations in Africa & Asia gained independence from European imperialists
This trend was known as decolonization
The first major colony to gain independence was India in 1947

50. The British gov’t promised Indians self-rule as a reward for participating in WWI
During the First World War, India sent troops to fight with the British against the Central Powers in Europe
Text
When the war ended & self-rule was not granted, nationalism & demands for independence increased

51. Amritsar Massacre When: April 13, 1919
What: Large, peaceful crowded gathered to protest lack of independence for India. British soldiers opened fire and killed unarmed men, women, and children.
Significance: Turning Point for many Indians as many saw the evils of British rule. Britain promised greater self-government after WWI.

52. Gandhi urged Indians to use non-violent means to achieve their goals
Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian independence movement in the 1920s
Gandhi also rejected the inequalities of the caste system and worked hard for the dalits or untouchables
Gandhi urged Indians to use non-violent means to achieve their goals
Gandhi’s tactics included deliberately breaking unfair British laws (called civil disobedience)
Gandhi encouraged peaceful protests & boycotting British goods in order to hurt the British colonial economy

53. Salt March British salt monopoly = symbol of British oppression.
Gandhi purposely broke the British law and marched to the sea and picked up a lump of sea salt.
“With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British empire.”
Gandhi was arrested and jailed. His campaign of nonviolence, civil disobedience, and self-sacrifice led to changes in India.

54. But, self-rule created tensions between the Hindu majority & the Muslim minority who feared giving power to Hindus
In 1935, British granted India limited self-rule but not total independence

55. This led to protests & renewed calls for independence from Britain
Title
This led to protests & renewed calls for independence from Britain
When World War II broke out, Britain committed Indian troops to the war without asking India’s self-governing assembly
Text
When World War II ended in 1945, Britain was in debt & ready to grant India its independence
But, violence between Hindus & Muslims made granting independence difficult

56. India was a nation made up largely of Hindus
Title
In 1947, Britain agreed to a partition (division) of India & granted independence to two nations: India & Pakistan
Text
During the partition, 10 million people relocated; Violence broke out leaving 1 million dead, including Gandhi who was assassinated in 1949
Pakistan was dominated by Muslims (East Pakistan later became Bangladesh )
India was a nation made up largely of Hindus

57. Title
In 1947, India became the world’s largest democratic nation; Jawaharlal Nehru was elected India’s first prime minister
Text
Nehru emphasized democracy, unity, & modernizing India
In the Cold War, India was a leader among non-aligned nations
In 1966, Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected prime minister
Under Nehru, women & lower caste Hindus gained rights

58. India/Pakistan Conflict
Conflict arises over Kashmir province in northern India.
Heavily populated by Muslims.
1999 – border conflict – India accused Pakistan of sending insurgent groups in Kashmir.
Worldwide fear of nuclear proliferation in India/Pakistan Conflict when both nations tested weapons in 1998

59. Economic Growth and Challenges
Industrial development
Literacy rate climbed
Green Revolution (new seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation methods) boost crop output. – Some farmers continue to rely on monsoons.
India’s population has tripled since 1947; many live below the poverty line.
Child labor common in India.
1990s- textiles, technology, and computer software are growing industries for India.