1. Chapter 14 Primate Patterns
Unit 3 Primates
Chapter 14
Primate Patterns

2. What are primates?
Live in tropical climates
South America
Africa
Asia

3. 6 distinguishing traits
1. 5 digit hands w/ opposable thumb
2. Nonspecialization (no flippers, claws, etc)
3. Limb flexibility (rotate arms, hands 180 degrees)
4. Nails rather than claws

4. 5. Visual acuity (needed for arboreal species, smell less important the higher you go)
Frontally directed eyes
Stereoscopic (3D) vision
Color vision (animals fly or live in trees)
6. Upright posture

5. Primate classifications Old world vs. New world
Africa and Asia
Prosimians- ancestors of modern primates
Small, nocturnal, arboreal, eat veggies and insects
Apes- from old world monkeys
Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimp, bonobos, humans

6. New world monkeys
Evolved after prosimians
Larger skulls
Greater intelligence
Full color, 3D vision

7. Evolutionary relationships of great apes

8. Characteristics that distinguish apes from monkeys
1. No tail
2. Arms longer than legs
3. Family Pongidae
Gorilla = Gorilla gorillas
Orangutan = Pongo pygmaeus
Chimpanzee = Pan troglodytes
Bonobo = Pan paniscus

9. Prosimians- first primates to evolve
Creepers (slow)
Lorises
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Eat foul smelling and bad tasting insects
Solitary
Small body, large eyes

10. Leapers
Lemurs
Diurnal (active during day)
Madagascar
Long ringed tail
Live in troops ~25
Trees and ground

11. Lemurs cont.
Female dominance
Males migrate
Females prefer less dominant males
Scent markings and calls
Genitals swell during estrus
4 month gestation

12. New world monkeys Callers Howler monkeys Arboreal Diurnal Rainforest
Eat leaves
Prehensile tail

13. Howler monkeys cont.
Slow moving
Loud calls by males
Groups of 3-20
Division of labor

14. Squabblers
Squirrel monkeys
White faces, dark eyes, dark mouth
Tails not prehensile
Diurnal
Very active

15. Squirrel monkeys cont.
Large multimale troops
Rainforest
Eat fruits, flowers, insects
One offspring/year

16. Old world monkeys Lookers Guenons (Blue monkeys) Africa, jungle
Arboreal
Small
Omnivores

17. Blue monkeys cont.
Troops ~20
One dominant male, many females
Low pitch communication
Concealed estrus
Many diff facial and body markings
Diff species Guenons can interbreed

18. Walkers
Savanna baboons
Ground dwelling
Largest monkey species (150 lb males)
Sexual dimorphism
Females much smaller
Dagger like canines

19. Baboons cont.
Live in troops ~30-50
Open grasslands
Travel and forage, eat whatever
Diurnal
Bare tissue on rear is callused
Do not build nests

20. Baboons cont.
Dominance hierarchy involving teamwork and social maneuvering by males
Female rank determined by mother
Social bonds w/ grooming
Alpha male directs movement
Adolescent males leave to find own troop

21. Baboons cont.
Females genitals swell during estrus and scent pheromones released
Females present rump to males
All primates have a period
28 days
Babies evoke interest in members, help care for