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Living in the environment
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Environmental Science Interdisciplinary science – ecology,geology,chemistry, politics,engineering,economics,ethics Connections and interactions between humans and the rest of nature Validity of data questioned – many variables
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Environmental Issues Population growth Increasing resource use Destruction and degradation of habitat Premature extinction Poverty Pollution
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Sustainability Ability of a specified system to survive and function over a period of time
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Sustainable living Meeting present needs without preventing future generations from meeting theirs
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Carrying capacity Maximum number of organisms an environment can support over a specified period of time
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Growth Linear – quantity increases by constant amount per unit of time Exponential – quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time
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Doubling time 70 / percentage of growth rate = doubling time in years Example – human population growth 1.28% per year 216,000 per day 9000 per hour
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Economic growth – Gross National Product-GNP Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced by a country Per Capita GNP – GNP/Total population
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Economic growth – Gross Domestic Product-GDP Market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced WITHIN a country for use during a year
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Developed nation 1.2 billion (20%) - highly industrialized, 85% of world wealth and income, use 88% of world resources, generate 75% of waste US,Canada,Japan,Australia,New Zealand,most of Europe
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Developing 4.9 billion, (80%), low to moderate industrialized, 15% of world wealth and income, use 12% of world resources Asia, Latin America, Africa
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P (population) X A (affluence) X T (technological impact/unit of use) = I (Environmental impact)
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Ecological footprint or environmental impact Amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country
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Resources Ecological – habitat, food,shelter Economic- Renewable Non renewable Potentially renewable
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Tragedy of the Commons- Garrett Hardin Over use of common property Clean air, open ocean and its fish,wild life species,publicly owned land, gases of lower atmosphere, space
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Globalization Social, economic and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world economic, information and communication,environmental effects
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Pollution Threatens human health Natural – volcanoes Anthropogenic – human activities
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Solutions Prevention – REFUSE, REDUCE,REUSE,RECYCLE Clean up – temporary fix, removes from one part and adds to another,expensive to reduce to acceptable levels
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Root causes Rapid population growth Wasteful use of resources Poverty Failure to encourage earth sustaining economic development Failure to include overall economic cost
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PLANETARY MANAGEMENT or ANTHROPOCENTRIC- “we are in charge of nature, always more to use, all economic growth is good” (ANTHROPOCENTRIC) EARTH WISDOM –”nature for all of earth’s species, not always more to use,make a judgment call about economic growth Environmental Worldview
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Information Revolution and globalization International trade of goods increased Transnational corporations from 7,000 to 53,000 Phones –from 89 to 850 million Passenger kilometers – from 28 million to 2.6 trillion Infectious microbes transported
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Cultural changes Hunter gatherers – 12,000 years ago Agricultural revolution – 10,000-12,000- Industrial revolution-275 years ago Technological revolution – 50 years ago
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Hunting and Gathering Societies nomadic, living in small bands, population in balance with food supply –high infant mortality,life expectancy 30-40 yr. 3 energy sources - sun, fire, muscle power
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Agricultural Societies settled communities slash and burn cultivation to fertilize nutrient poor field by ashes shifting cultivation subsistence farming
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Effects and Environmental Impact Urbanization and agricultural expansion, cut down forests, destroyed habitats, soil erosion and desertification birth rate faster than death- population increase
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Early Industrial societies(mid 1700’s) wood used up - coal usage steam generation fossil fuel powered farm machinery- less farmers needed- moved to cities
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Advanced Industrial societies (1914 ---) increase in agricultural products lower infant mortality improved health increase in longevity net population increase
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Resource Conservation Resource Conservation 1903-Theodore Roosevelt, Pelican Island,Florida to save the Brown Pelican 1905- Gifford Pinchot - US Forest Service “resources should be saved to be used for the greatest good, for the greatest number, for the longest time”
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Moral / Aesthetic Nature Conservation John Muir, Sierra Club “fundamental right of organisms to exist for it’s own sake”
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US Environmental Movement - 1960’s 1962-, Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”, threats of pollution and toxic chemicals David Brower and Barry Commoner,Paul Ehrlich,Garret Hardin - relationship between population growth, resource use,pollution
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Events - Increased Awareness 1963 - air pollution in New York Laundry detergent in water 1969- Cuyahoga in Ohio Love Canal, New York pollution of Lake Erie Extinction -grizzly,bald eagle,whooping crane,falcon
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Environmental events- 1970’s 1972-UN- Human development 1973 - OPEC oil embargo Roland and Molina - CFC’s cause ozone depletion Carter creates Superfund to clean hazardous waste sites(Love Canal) Three Mile Island
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Environmental events - 1980’s 1981 - Ronald Reagan - sagebrush philosophy 1986-Chernobyl disaster 1987-Montreal Protocol - fade out CFC’s Exxon Valdez disaster
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Environmental Events - 1990 1991-Persian Gulf war - protect oil 1992 - UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1994 - UN Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt. 1995- US Congress,reduce environmental spending - vetoed by Clinton 1997 - Kyoto- global warming
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Environmental events - 2000 Clinton protects large areas in national forests from roads and logging - designated as national monuments
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Sagebrush Revolution remove most lands from federal ownership and turn over to States great supporter - Ronald Reagan
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Environmental Revolution ….shift from pollution cleanup to prevention waste disposal to waste reduction species protection to habitat protection increased resource use to conservation
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