1. Westward Expansion 1820–1860

2. Settlers and Trappers Were Attracted to Oregon

3. Settlers and Trappers Were Attracted to Oregon
Oregon Country—a huge region west of the Rocky Mountains that included present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and western Canada.
Good farmland along the Pacific coast attracted farmers.
Fertile soil
Mild temperatures year round
Plentiful rainfall
Forests further inland and in the Rocky Mountains attracted fur trappers.
Beavers and other fur-bearing animals

4. American Interest in the New Mexico Territory
Ruled by Mexico in the early 1840s.
Included all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Colorado.
What attracted Americans to parts of the New Mexico Territory?
Reading books describing the Southwest.
Trade—William Becknell led traders to present-day New Mexico. The route they followed became known as the Santa Fe Trail.

5. American Support for Westward Expansion
Many people believed that Americans had a right and duty to spread their culture and its democratic government all the way to the Pacific Ocean. This belief was called Manifest Destiny. Manifest means clear or obvious. Destiny means something that is sure to happen.
Many Americans believed that expansion would open new opportunities for the United States economy.
Some people believed that white Americans were superior to Native Americans and Mexicans and deserved to take the land from those people.
Every year, more Americans moved west. The United States government offered to buy California from Mexico.
Some Americans wanted control of the ports at San Francisco and San Diego.

6. The Mormons Settle Utah
Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830 in upstate New York. Members of the church were called Mormons.
Neighbors were angered by Mormon beliefs that property should be owned in common and that a man could have more than one wife.
The Mormons moved west to Ohio, where they faced opposition.
The Mormons moved to Missouri, and then to Illinois. They again clashed with neighbors. An angry mob killed Joseph Smith.
A new leader, Brigham Young, realized Mormons needed a refuge, a place where they would be safe from persecution. In 1847, he led an advance party to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, in present-day Utah. Thousands of Mormons followed.

7. People Rush Westward

8. The California Gold Rush
In 1848, James Marshall was supervising the building of a sawmill for John Sutter, when he discovered a lump of gold.
Sutter tried to keep the news a secret, but within days people from San Francisco and other California towns were rushing to Sutter’s Mill to look for gold.
Soon, thousands of Americans, as well as people from around the world, were rushing to California to search for gold. They became known as forty-niners.
Early miners found gold easily. Some miners found a way to get the gold out of riverbeds. Yet, very few miners struck it rich. Many went broke trying to find gold. Still, although many miners left the gold fields, they stayed in California to farm or work at other jobs.

9. People Rush into The West
Causes
Oregon has fertile land
Texas is ideal for raising cattle and growing cotton
Many Americans believe in Manifest Destiny
Mormons seek a safe home
Gold is discovered in California
Westward Movement
Effects
Texas wins war for independence
Britain and United States divide Oregon
United States defeats Mexico in war
Cotton Kingdom spreads
Effects Today
United States stretches from sea to sea
California and Texas are the most populous states
Mexican American culture enriches the United States

10. North and South
1820–1860

11. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Sewing machine
Inventor
Elias Howe,
improved by Isaac Singer
Improvement
Clothing could be manufactured by machine much more rapidly than it could be made by hand.
Iron Plow
Steel Plow
Jethro Wood
John Deere
The older, heavy wood and iron plows had to be pulled by slow-moving oxen. A horse could pull a lighter-weight steel plow faster.
Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick
A horse-drawn reaper could mow wheat and other grains five times as fast as farmhands using hand tools.
Mechanical Drill, Threshing Machine, Horse-Drawn Hay Rake
All these improvements helped farmers raise more grain with fewer farmhands.

12. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming
Telegraph
Inventor
Samuel F. B. Morse
Improvement
The “talking wire,” or telegraph, was a device that sent electrical signals along a wire. For the first time, news could travel long distances in a few minutes.
steam-powered locomotive engine
an English family
Railroad cars had been pulled by horses or mules. The steam-powered locomotive, or engine to pull railroad cars, could do 30 miles per hour.

13. The Cotton Gin
Textile mills in the North and in Britain needed more and more raw cotton to make cloth.
Southern planters could grow plenty of cotton, but removing the seeds by hand was a slow process.
Eli Whitney built a machine to clean cotton—the cotton engine, or gin. It had rollers with wire teeth that separated the seeds from the fibers. One worker using a gin could do the work of 50 people cleaning cotton by hand.
The cotton gin led to a boom in cotton production.
Cotton plants wore out the soil, so planters began to look for fresh land. By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended in a wide band from the East Coast westward to Texas.
As the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did slavery.

14. The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery

15. The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy
Crop
Growing Area
Effects
Cotton
a wide band from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas
promoted the plantation system and slavery
Rice
coasts of South Carolina and Georgia
required expensive irrigation and drainage systems
promoted the plantation system
Sugar Cane
Louisiana and Texas
Tobacco
Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky
Usually grown on small farms

16. The Economic Relationship Between North and South
Southern industry remained small.
agricultural tools—cotton gins, planters, and plows
other agricultural goods—ironware, hoes, and hemp for bags
cheap cotton cloth
flour mills
However, the South had little industry compared with the North. The South depended on the North and on Europe.
loans from northern banks
northern furniture, tools, and machines

17. Reform and Antislavery
1820–1860

18. Roots of Reform
social reform—an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society
Political ideals
Politics was becoming more democratic. People pointed to the Declaration of Independence’s promise of liberty and equality.
People question slavery as undemocratic.
People asked why women had few rights.
Religious ideals
In colonial times, American Protestants believed in predestination, the idea that God decided in advance which people would attain salvation after death. A religious movement of the early 1800s—the Second Great Awakening—stressed free will instead. Preachers said that individuals could save their souls by their own actions.
In revivals, or huge outdoor meetings, people heard that individual salvation was the first step toward reforming the world. This message inspired people to improve society.

19. Roots of Reform Political Origins
The ideals of liberty and equality in the Declaration of Independence inspire people to try to improve society
During Jackson era, more people can vote than ever before
Critics say slavery and other injustices violate democratic ideals
Religious Influences
Second Great Awakening stresses free will rather than predestination
Revivals encourage people to reform their lives
Finney teaches that individual salvation is the first step to the reform of a society

20. Antislavery Movement
Abolitionist Movement
Reformers known as abolitionists wanted to end slavery completely in the United States.
Some African Americans tried to end slavery through lawsuits and petitions. Others, used their newspaper to influence public opinion.
Free African American David Walker encouraged enslaved African Americans to free themselves by any means.
Frederick Douglass, the best-known African American abolitionist was a powerful speaker. He lectured in the United States and Britain.
White abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator, the most influential antislavery newspaper.

21. The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of black and white abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom.
Conductors guided runaways to stations where they could hide—the homes of abolitionists, churches, and caves.
Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery. She risked her freedom and her life by returning to the South 19 times. She led more than 300 former slaves to freedom.

22. Reasons Why People Opposed Abolition
In the South
Many white southerners accused abolitionists of preaching violence.
Slave owners defended slavery even more firmly than before. Some argued that slaves were better off than northern factory workers.
To many southerners, slavery was an essential part of the southern economy and way of life.
In the North
Northern mill owners, bankers, and merchants who depended on southern cotton worried about losing their cotton supply.
Northern workers feared that freed African Americans might come and take their jobs.

23. What happens next?