1. General Dairy Feeding Agricultural Science - Dairy Industry By Mr. Weaver

2. Animals are the result of: n Genetics n Health n Care and Management n What they eat 50% of the total cost of making milk is feed

3. Digestive System n Ruminants multiple stomachs cattle, sheep, goat The rumen is the first and largest stomach compartment of a ruminant. The reticulum is second stomach compartment of a ruminant. It is also called a honeycomb. The omasum is the third division of the stomach of a ruminant. It is also called manyplies. The abomasum is the fourth stomach compartment (true stomach) of a ruminant.

4. Energy Feeds n Energy needed for all life processes n Deficiency: slow or stunted growth, body tissue loss, lowered production of meat, milk, eggs, fiber n Carbohydrates most important source of energy, than fats

5. Carbohydrates n More abundant and cheaper n Very easily digested and turned into body fat n Easier storage than fats

6. Proteins n Complex compounds made of amino acids n In all plant and animal cells n Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25 tells the amount of protein n Plants make their own protein

7. Amino Acids n Some are created by the body, nonessential n Others can’t be made fast enough, essential must be furnished in the feed n Poor Quality Protein Feeds: insufficient amount of essential proteins

8. Source of Protein n Animal Proteins are superior for monogastrics better balanced in essential amino acids n Milk and Eggs are abundant in essential amino acids

9. Minerals n Minerals are the inorganic elements of animals and plants n Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash)

10. Minerals n 2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids) n Regulate many vital processes n 18 essential mineral elements n Deficiency=loss of production

11. Minerals n Free choice or in ration n Supplement for deficiency only n Trace minerals in areas where soil is deficient

12. Macrominerals n Salt n Calcium n Phosphorus n Magnesium n Potassium n Sulfer

13. Microminerals n Chromium n Cobalt n Copper n Fluorine n Iodine n Iron n Manganese n Molybdenum n Selenium n Silicon n Zinc

14. Functions of Minerals n Give strength to skeleton n Part of protein n Activate enzyme systems n Control fluid balance n Regulate acid-base balance n Exert effects on nerves / muscles n Engage in mineral-vitamin relation.

15. Vitamins n Required in minute amounts for normal growth n Specific functions n Fat soluble or water soluble

16. Fat Soluble Vitamins n Vitamin A, D, E, K

17. Water Soluble Vitamins n Biotin n Choline n Folic Acid n Inositol n Niacin n Pantothenic Acid(B-3) n PABA n Riboflavin (B-2) n Thiamin (B-1) n B-6 n B-12 n C n All but C are from the B family

18. Water n Most vital of all nutrients n 40% of fat hog to 80% of newborn lamb n Free access to Clean, Fresh Water at all times

19. What is a Feedstuff? n any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustainging them n most provide one or more nutrients n nonnutritives = flavor, color, palatability, adding bulk, preservatives

20. Feed Classifications n Roughages n Concentrates n By-product feeds n Protein Supplements n Minerals n Vitamins n Special Feeds n Additives, Implants, & Injections

21. Roughages n Bulky feeds low in weight per unit n Contain more than 18% crude fiber n Low in Energy n Natural feeds of ruminants n Generally low in digestibility n High in Ca, K, and trace minerals n Higher in fat-soluble vitamins n Protein varies

22. Roughages n Pastures n Hay varies more than any other feed harvest at optimum time cure properly 20% moisture or less n Crop Residues left in field after harvest straw, corn stalks, etc fed to right class of animal & supplement

23. Roughages n Silage = fermented forage plants mostly corn or sorghum 2 1/2 to 3# silage replaces 1# hay due to lower dry matter content of silage n Haylage = low moisture silage grass or legume wilted to 40-60% moisture before ensiling more dry matter & feed value

24. Roughage n Green Chop (soilage) fresh plants cut and chopped in the field, transported and fed to animals in confinement 50% more feed value extra equipment required harvest every day

25. Roughage n Other Roughages cottonseed hulls corncobs sawdust beet tops root crops oat hulls peanut hay newspapers

26. Concentrates n Feeds high in energy an low in fiber (under 18%) n Availability and Price n Need to substitute concentrates for each other as price changes n Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats, wheat, triticale

27. By-Product Feeds n Feeds left over from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing n Roughage and Concentrate

28. By-Product Feeds n Milling by-products from: cereal grains oilseeds root crops dried beet pulp and tops distillery and brewing unused bakery products fruits and nuts

29. By-Product Feeds n Effective & Profitable Use: price composition be known palatable and consumed not adversely affect carcass quality –chemical residues –pesticides

30. Protein Supplements n More than 20% protein n Animal Protein Supplements inedible tissues from meat packing surplus milk products marine sources feather meal (85% protein) poor quality, must be hydrolized, less than 5% in hog ration

31. Protein Supplements n Plant Protein Supplements oilseed by-products soybean meal cottonseed meal linseed meal peanut meal safflower meal rapeseed meal

32. Protein Supplements n Plant Protein Supplements Hogs & Chickens usually fed some protein feeds of animal origin (essential amino acids) Ruminants = protein quality is less important (& pseudoruminants) Protein quality usually higher if variety of feeds is used

33. Protein Supplements n Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources (NPN) Ruminants - microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into protein

34. Vitamin Supplements n Vitamins are destroyed by heat, sunlight, oxidation, mold growth n Adult Ruminants: A, D, E synthesize B, C, K vitamins sunlight = Vit. D

35. Special Feeds n Colostrum: first milk given by mammals after parturition contains antibodies within 15 min to 4 hours surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a year or more can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but some diseases are species specific

36. Special Feeds n Milk Replacers can’t replace colostrum is fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotics higher fat reduces diarrhea

37. Special Feeds n Fats and Oils acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases n Fat increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times energy of carbohydrates) controls dust –animals don’t like dusty rations lessons wear on feed mixing equip.

38. Special Feeds n Molasses by-product from sugar manufacture 3/4 energy value of corn appetizer reduce dust, pellet binder stimulate rumen activity

39. Additives, Implants, & Injections n 80% of food animals get some drug during lifetime n chemicals that regulate growth, modify rumen activity, improve feed efficiency increase 15% each yr. n lower production costs n unsafe if used improperly

40. Hormones n BST: dairy cattle naturally occurs in all milk not a growth promotant n MGA: nonpregnant heifers suppresses estrus promotes growth