1. Hepatitis
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Viral Hepatitis is a group of disease that infect the liver. Three viruses - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the most frequent viruses.

2. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a frequent virus of childhood and is not considered a deadly and serious infection.
It is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or drinking water.

3. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A (HAV) has a single positive stranded (+) RNA in the genome.
No medications are prescribed for HAV, the body clears the infection on its own.

4. Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious viral disease transmitted by body fluids or needles (including unprotected sex)
Hepatitis B can cause severe acute infections and severe chronic infections.

5. Hepatitis B Health care workers are immunized against Hepatitis B
HBV has a double stranded DNA genome.
HBV infection can progress to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).

6. Hepatocellular carcinoma = HCC
The precise mechanism whereby hepatitis progresses to HCC is not known.

7. Treatment of HBV

8. Interferon alpha
Interferons are proteins produced by the immune system in response to viruses
Interferons serve to activate the immune system, specifically MHC 1 (major histocompatibility complex 1), thus giving a signal to T cells.
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11. Pegylated Interferon alfa-2a
This protein derivative is formed by the addition of polyethylene glycol (structure above) to the interferon, leading to an enhanced lifetime of the interferon
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13. Nucleoside Analogs Approved for Treatment of HBV
Lamivudine
Adefovir dipivoxil
Entecavir
Telbivudine
These nucleoside analogs interfere with the action of the HBV reverse transcriptase (see link), becoming incorporated into the growing DNA strand and terminating reverse transcription.
Unfortunately, HBV can become resistant to these drugs.

14. Hepatitis C (HCV)
Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood routes, needles, tattoos and sexual activity.
Hepatitis C is a quiet virus that may not be noticed
This virus may slowly eat away at your liver causing scarring and damage and finally almost total liver destruction.
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15. Prevelance of HCV

16. Hepatitis C (HCV) has a single positive stranded (+) RNA in the genome.

17. Treatment of HCV
Current treatment is a combination off pegylated interferon alpha (Pegasys and PEG-Intron) combined with the antiviral drug ribavirin for a period of 24 to 48 weeks.
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18. Ribavirin
Ribavirin
Adenosine
Guanosine
Ribavirin resembles both adenosine and guanosine and may become incorporated into growing strands of RNA

19. However the carboxamide group pairs equally well with both uracil or cytosine, thus leading to mutations in RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
Ribavirin also acts as an inhibitor of inosine 5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase, a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of RNA.
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21. Assigned Reading
Harris, J. Milton; Chess, Robert B. Effect of PEGylation on pharmaceuticals. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2003), 2(3),