1. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION AND MEIOSIS UNIT 5: Chapter 11

2. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

3. Asexual Reproduction does not include joining of gametes BUD becomes new individual Hydra Bacteria BINARY FISSION: Individual divides to produce new offspring SPORES are asexual because they do not have to fuse to another cell. PARTHENOGENESIS:unfertilized eggs develop into individuals (some fish, several insects, few species of frogs and lizards) FRAGMENTATION: Pieces of organism develop into a new whole organism (Starfish and planarian are examples)

4. Sexual Reproduction Process of sexual reproduction in which male and female gametes join to form a new cell (zygote). Gametes are called sex cells.

6. Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Sexual GAMETES fuse to form zygote VARIED GENES are produced Genetic VARIATION allows for greater ADAPTATION in changing environment Asexual NO FUSION of gametes Very little GENETIC variation MANY OFFSPRING in short time without having to find mate LESS genetic variation causes LESS ability to ADAPT to changing environment

7. When gametes (egg and sperm) unite during fertilization, each gamete contributes one allele. Meiosis gametes

8. DRAW AND LABEL A CHROMOSOME Identical chromatids centromere chromatid

9. Chromosome DNA strands coiled around proteins Formed during cell division Contains specific genes on each chromosome Found only in nucleus of cell Diploid organisms have 2 of each chromosome, one from each parent Haploid organisms have one of each chromosome Somatic chromosomes are in different sizes and shapes Number if chromosomes are different for each species – Humans: 46 (23 pairs) Sex chromosomes ore either X or Y. – Females receive XX – males receive XY Centromere Identical Chromatids chromatid

10. What is a chromosome?

11. Formation of chromosome DNA = twisted ladder of nucleotides DNA strands wrap around proteins DNA/Protein strands coil tightly Tightly coiled strands form chromosome

12. Where are chromosomes found? Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of our eukaryotic cells. Many organisms have a different numbers of chromosomes in their cells – Fruit fly 4 chromosomes – human 46 chromosomes

13. What are gametes? Also known as a sex cell. – 23 chromosomes in sperm (male gamete). – 23 chromosomes in egg (female gamete). Gametes are a product of meiosis. Meiosis is the process which the number of chromosomes cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes. – 2 part process. – Process results in 4 gametes. \

14. MEIOSIS

17. Meiosis Meiosis- The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants.

18. Meiosis Two phases of cell division (Meiosis 1 and 2) Produces cells with half the number of chromosomes (Haploid) – Haploid cells have one of each chromosome – Haploid cells (sperm and egg) join to form zygote Meiosis allows genetic variation – Joining of gametes makes new combinations of genes for each new individual

20. Meiosis

21. Law of independent assortment Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another PpTt PTPtpTpt meiosis 4 haploid gametes: one of each chromosome

22. Meiosis summary: Produces 4 haploid cells

23. One chromosome from each parent Homologous chromosomes Same shape Same size Same type of genes One from each parent

24. Crossing over occurs during Prophase I New genetic combination creates new combination of genes occurs between two homologous chromosomes

25. Gametogenesis: Process of making gametes Most of cytoplasm from three cells is combined into one egg cell

26. When Meiosis Goes Bad….. http://www.infertilityivfhouston.com/images/Sperm-morphology.jpg

27. Dangers of gametes without 23 chromosomes….

28. Mitosis vs. meiosis

29. What is a karyotype? A karyotype is a set of photographed chromosomes grouped by pairs.

30. How is sex determined? Video CHROMOSOME PAIR ARE CALLED SEX CHROMOSOMES: IF XX= FEMALE IF XY= MALE AUTOSOMES Chromosomes #1- 22 are called HUMAN MALE KAROTYPEHUMAN FEMALE KARYOTYPE

31. What happens if there are 3 chromosomes on your 21 chromosome? ANSWER: DOWN SYNDROME

32. Down Syndrome

33. One chromosome from each parent Homologous chromosomes Same shape Same size Same type of genes One from each parent

34. Which letter is an example of meiosis? Which letter is an example of fertilization? Letter A is an example of meiosis. Letter B is an example of fertilization.

36. DNA/Chromosomal Mutations

37. Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4

38. Genetic Mutation?

40. IS albinism caused by a genetic mutation? Albinism (from Latin albus, meaning "white") is a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. It is an inherited condition resulting from the combination of recessive genes passed from both parents of an individual. This condition is known to affect mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.Latinpigmentation recessive genes

41. Caused by a genetic mutation? World’s Largest Feline

42. Is the caused by a genetic mutation? A clubfoot is a common birth defect.

43. Down Syndrome Defect (extra chromo) on the 21 st chromosome.

44. If someone has a defect or disease, there is something wrong with chromosomes in nucleus.

45. DISEASES Can be caused by 2 things: 1.The environment that surrounds you. 2.Your inherited genes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBfWyb m0218&feature=related (vytorin commercial)

46. What disorders are sex-linked? Baldness Hemophilia (free bleeder) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Progressive loss of muscle) Red-green colorblindness These disorders are only found on the 23 rd (sex) chromosomes.

47. Colorblindness Are you color blind?

48. What disorders are autosomal? Disorders caused by recessive alleles: albinism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, phenylketonuria(PKU), Tay- Sachs disease Disorders caused by dominant alleles: achondroplasia, huntington’s disease, hyperchlesterolemia Disorders caused by codominant genes: sickle cell anemia Recall, alleles are different forms of genes.

49. Recessive Disorders Sickle Cell anemia (abnormal hemoglobin molecules – Results in poor blood circulation Tay-Sachs Disease (defective form of a brain enzyme) – Results in deterioration of nervous system in infants- early death Cystic Fibrosis (Defective chloride-ion transport protein) – Excessive mucous accumulation in organs, especially lungs- die young

50. Environmental Influences on Traits Hydrangea flower color is due to amount of acid in soil Temperature affects changes in fox color from winter to summer Darker parts of Siamese cat are a lower temperature, e.g., ears, nose, paws and tail Height in humans is influenced by temperature, such as internal environmental condition.

51. Pedigree Chart Normal female Affected female Carrier female Normal male Affected male parents Children in birth order Reading pedigree charts: If both males and females have disorder, then trait is autosomal (on other chromosomes) If trait shows up mostly in males, then trait is sex-linked (on the X chromosome)