1. Chapter One Foundations of Civilization Prehistory-3000 B.C.

2. Section Three Beginnings of Civilization

3. Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys and producing surplus, or extra, food. Surpluses helped populations expand. As populations grew, some villages swelled into cities. The Neolithic Revolution turned nomads into farmers. It took surpluses of agricultural products to create the first civilizations.

4. What Are the Basic Features of Civilization? A civilization is a complex, highly organized social order. Historians have identified eight basic features found in most early civilizations. Early civilizations began near rivers.

5. River Valley Civilizations The earliest civilizations developed along rivers in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.

6. cities job specialization art and architecture public works complex religions social classes writing central governments The eight basic features found in most early civilizations are:

7. evidence of cities Ston The Neolithic city of Catalhoyuk, in central Turkey, dates back to 7400 B.C.

8. evidence of cities In the New World, the domestication of plants and animals occurred independently of Old World developments. By 1500 B.C., Neolithic cultures based on the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, and other plants led to the rise of the Inca and Aztec civilizations. This is Machu Picchu in Peru’s Andes Mountains

9. evidence of central governments The earliest governments were patriarchal. Fathers governed their families; and from the family to the tribe, from the tribe to the nation - governments were extensions of that patriarchal authority.

10. evidence of central governments Cuneiform tablets, like this one from the ancient city of Nuzi in northern Iraq, recorded laws that codified the patriarchal structure of early civilizations. Such laws allowed childless couples to adopt a male servant who would become their heir. A father was required to find a wife for his sons and arrange marriage contracts for the daughters

11. evidence of central governments Zhengzhou, in Central China’s Henan province, is the site of an archaeological study of a palace from the early Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C. to 1046 B.C.).

12. evidence of writing Pictographs are signs or symbols that represent words or phrases. The earliest forms of writing were pictographs, like these on a clay tablet from 4 th century B.C. Sumer.

13. evidence of writing These are some modern pictographs.

14. evidence of writing Akhet is the Egyptian hieroglyph representing the place where the sun rises and sets. It is often translated as “horizon.” Pictographs like these from ancient Egypt are the earliest known form of writing.

15. evidence of writing Egyptian hieroglyphics used pictographic and alphabetic elements. The football shapes in the image on the left represent the “s” and “r” sounds.

16. evidence of writing These Maya glyphs (at left) were created in stucco. These are Egyptian hieroglyphs inscribed on clay. (below)

17. evidence of writing This is the scapula of an ox with an inscription from the Shang dynasty. This is an oracle bone pit at the Shang Dynasty capitol at Henan.

18. evidence of writing The Code of Hammurabi was inscribed in cuneiform on stele, like this one, and placed in public so that everyone could see it.

19. evidence of writing Scribes had to undergo training. Scribes became members of a privileged élite who might look with contempt upon their fellow citizens. An ancient Egyptian scribe from around 2400 B.C.

20. evidence of social classes Hammurabi’s 8 th law If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. Penalties for breaking the law varied according to the social class of the offender and the victim.

21. evidence of social classes In ancient Egypt, a person’s social class was determined by his practical distance from the pharaoh.

22. evidence of complex religions In the Neolithic Period, early civilizations like the Sumerians and the Egyptians had polytheistic religions, or religions with many gods, like the many gods of Greek and Roman mythology. This carving shows the Sumerian sun god Shamash being visited by a king and two other gods.

23. evidence of complex religions Egyptian religious practice centered on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt. Although a human, the Pharaoh was believed to be descended from the gods. HORUS SET THOTH KHNUM HATHOR SOBEK RA AMON PTAH ANUBIS OSIRIS ISIS

24. evidence of complex religions Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses. This is Mut, one of Egypt's earliest mother goddesses Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death.

25. evidence of complex religions This is a Maya temples in Chichén Itzá on the Yucatán Peninsula in southern Mexico. Temple I, Tikal, Guatemala The Temple of the Cross pyramid at the Maya ruins of Palenque in the state of Chiapas in Mexico.

26. This is a corridor with an irrigation canal at the royal quarters of Phaistos on the island of Crete. Many Neolithic public works projects were meant to improve irrigation for agriculture. Much of that evidence is lost. evidence of public works

27. Mohenjo-Daro was built around 2600 B.C. It had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets. evidence of public works This is the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan’s Indus River Valley. It is 39 feet long.

28. evidence of public works These are Russian photographers atop the Great Pyramid at Giza in 2013. Climbing the pyramids is illegal.

29. When surpluses allowed Neolithic tool makers recreational time, some began to create works of art. evidence of arts and architecture

30. evidence of art and architecture This is the reconstructed facade of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq. Below, U.S. soldiers climb the ziggurat in 2010.

31. evidence of job specialization This Neolithic grindstone was used for processing grain. Reliable food sources led to job specialization. Food surpluses allowed societies to support leaders, artists, craftsmen, priests, scribes, and soldiers because it wasn’t necessary for everyone to grew his own food. Musicians were trained in schools and formed an important professional class in Mesopotamia.

32. evidence of job specialization Some ancient Egyptians were craftsmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, military leaders, scribes, and priests, but most people were farmers. A flat, copper chisel used for stone work in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptians invented the Chorobates like the one above. A Chorobates helped engineers to create level structures.

33. Cultural Diffusion Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. In the Neolithic period, cultural diffusion occurred through migration, trade, and warfare.

34. Cultural Diffusion People was discovered in about 9000 B.C. in the Middle East. A copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. Just like agriculture, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places.

35. Cultural Diffusion Gunpowder technology followed the same routes as the Mongol invasions of the Middle East and Europe. Gunpowder emerged in China in about 900 A.D. In 1000 A.D., the Chinese invented the flame thrower.

36. and now… some more final exam questions…

37. Which geographic feature had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? a)cool temperatures b)mountains c)locations near a strait d)river valleys

38. Which geographic feature had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? a)cool temperatures b)mountains c)locations near a strait d)river valleys

39. Which is a characteristic shared by the Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and Ancient Chinese Civilization? a)Anyone who wasn’t wealthy was a slave. b)Each had an organized religion. c)They used the same coins for money. d)They spoke the same language.

40. Which is a characteristic shared by the Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and Ancient Chinese Civilization? a)Anyone who wasn’t wealthy was a slave. b)Each had an organized religion. c)They used the same coins for money. d)They spoke the same language.

41. The most common farming feature shared by all river civilizations of the ancient world was a)using cattle for work. b)designing and using irrigation in fields. c)the practice of sifting grain from a screen. d)the use of plows only made from stones.

42. The most common farming feature shared by all river civilizations of the ancient world was a)using cattle for work. b)designing and using irrigation in fields. c)the practice of sifting grain from a screen. d)the use of plows only made from stones.