1. JavaScript JavaScript is a scripting language that is most commonly used to add client- side programming to a web page. Some of the things it is used for in web development: Manipulate the HTML elements and CSS Interact with the user Send data back to a server asynchronously (AJAX) Input validation (ex: make a textbox red if it has too many/few characters in it)

2. Java vs. JavaScript JavaScript has next to nothing to do with Java JavaScript was developed at Netscape in the 90's and was originally called LiveScript. It is believed that the name change to JavaScript was a marketing ploy to take advantage of the popularity of Java. JavaScript syntax is much like C, and therefore much like Java.

3. JavaScript Details JavaScript is managed by the Mozilla Foundation Client-side: the browser (the client) is able to read & execute the code. *JavaScript can be used server-side for other purposes Interpreted or may be compiled using just-in-time compilation in modern browsers. ECMAScript: The version of JavaScript that was standardized by Ecma International Imperative: Code is written as a sequence of steps to perform Structural: Makes use of decisions (if / else if / else), iteration (for, while), and subroutines and functions

4. JavaScript Type System Loosely Typed: Variables are not given a type, just “var” Dynamically Typed: The type of the variable is determined at runtime based on its value. The good: You don't have to cast anything, you can switch between types if it suits your code. Example: User types in “10”, you can leave it as is and still compare it to the integer 10. The bad: Type errors will not be detected until runtime, and depending on your exact code they may be easy to miss. Coercion: Implicit type conversion: “2” * “10” --> 20 Conversion: JavaScript provides functions to convert values to other types when necessary

5. JavaScript Variables & Simple Types Variables var x = 123; var y; //to be used later JavaScript does have types, they are just determined dynamically. Number / Float - Generic number 1.0 is the same as 1 100 is the same as 1e2 Negative numbers have a – symbol Infinity is a keyword that represents very large numbers Strings can be enclosed in single or double quotes 'Hello' is the same as “Hello” \ is the escape character Boolean – true or false

6. JavaScript Null, NaN, Undefined NaN (Not a Number) results when an arithmetic operation is invalid. Use the isNaN() function to detect it (==, === won't work because NaN is never equal to itself). A variable is undefined if it was never given a value. Use === for comparisons. null is what you would expect – a null value. You can assign a variable the value of null and compare null to values. Use === for comparisons.

7. JavaScript Decision Statements If Statements if (condition) { } else if (condition) { } else { } Ternary var answer = x == “Y” ? “Yes” : “No”; Switch Statements switch (expression) { case expression:... break; case expression:... break; default:... }

8. JavaScript Loops While while (condition) {... } Do While (Will always be executed at least once because the condition is evaluated last) do {... } while (condition) For for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {... } for (someProp in someObj) {... }

9. JavaScript Try & Throw Try / Catch try { } catch (err) { } Throw (Throw a string, number, boolean, object) throw “Some message”;

10. JavaScript Operators && boolean AND || boolean OR * multiply / divide % modulo + addition or string concatenation - subtraction >=, > greater than or equal, greater than <=, < less than or equal, less than

11. JavaScript Equality = is for assignment var x = 10; == is for equality (x == 10) //true (x == “10”) //true (x != 9) //true === is for equality including data type (x === 10) // true (x === “10”) // false (x !== “10”) // true

12. JavaScript Arrays Syntax: var x = [10, 15, “apple”]; var first = x[0];

13. JavaScript Objects Objects: Heavily used; Objects are associative arrays where the property name is the key. Both dot notation and array notation are supported fruit.color = “red”; fruit[“color”] = “red”; Prototypes: You don't create classes like you do in OOP languages. Instead you create a prototype. Inheritance can be done using a prototype. Feel free to read up on JavaScript prototypes and prototypal inheritance Object Literal Simple notation for creating objects var fruit = {“color”: “red”, “type”: “apple”, “weight”: 0.5};

14. JavaScript Objects Objects can contain simple values, other objects, arrays, functions var student = { “firstName”: “John”, “lastName”: “Smith”, “uid”: “123456”, “schedule”: [ { “class”: “CS108”, “days”: “MW”, “startTime”:”10:00” }, { “class”: “CS108”, “days”: “MW”, “startTime”:”10:00” } ] }; var firstCourseNum = student.schedule[0].class;

15. JavaScript Functions JavaScript is a functional language: Functions are first-class. Functions are objects themselves. They can be passed as arguments to other functions, they can be returned from other functions, and a function can be assigned to a variable. Variadic Functions: Functions take a variable number of arguments function someFunc(x, y, z) { document.write(x); document.write(y); document.write(z); document.write(arguments[3]); } someFunc(1, “a”); //z will be undefined someFunc(1, “a”, 2, “b”); //”b” will only be accessible through the special arguments array

16. Closures * Examples from WikipediaWikipedia A closure is a data structure that stores a function along with an environment. In the example below, the variable in red will be available to the returned function (green) even though it would normally be out of scope.

17. Anonymous Functions (Lambda) * Examples from WikipediaWikipedia Anonymous functions are unnamed functions, often returned or passed into another function. You do not ever have to use an anonymous function, but sometimes they are convenient.

18. DOM (Document Object Model) The Document Object Model is a programming interface. The objects in HTML (or XML or XHTML) are represented as nodes in a tree structure, called the DOM tree. These nodes can have event handlers attached to them. The event handlers can call code or functions in languages like JavaScript. Example: Buttons have an onclick event. When a button is clicked, you might want to pop up something asking the user if they are sure they want to perform an action, you might make something on the page change, etc. It is common to hear that you are traversing the DOM looking for an element with JavaScript, or that you are manipulating the DOM with JavaScript. The DOM is standardized. Browsers are supposed to adhere to this standardization.

19. DOM (Document Object Model) Please read: https://developer.mozilla.org/en- US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introductionhttps://developer.mozilla.org/en- US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction

20. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) It is common to ask a user for text input and then display that input back to the screen. Think: product review, comment on an article, etc. If a user were to input JavaScript code, and that were to be displayed on the screen, what would happen? That JavaScript code would execute. What to do about it? Sanitize user input! Strip out any script tags or anything else that may be malicious. Client Side Security You can strip out the script tags using JavaScript, but you cannot rely on that as a full solution. You must also sanitize data at the server side because anyone can modify client-side data (using the same browser tools you use for debugging).

21. Regular Expressions Regular expressions are patterns used to match characters in a string. The simplest example of using regular expressions is when you want to restrict a user to typing in only numbers, or to following a particular pattern like an email address or phone number. Regular expressions are heavily used in programming and learning how to use them is well worth your time if you want to be a developer. There are plenty of resources online. This page from Mozilla explains how to use them with JavaScript: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions