1. Improving the quality of pupils’ talk, questioning and thinking during group work

2. Key issue addressed by the study
The researchers explored the effects of coaching student teachers on how to structure and model pupils’ higher-order group talk in English
They also assessed the impact on pupils’ learning

3. What changed when the teachers guided group work?
The pupils:
were more focused
participated more equally
asked a greater number of questions including high-order questions
engaged in less off-task talk
improved the quality of their reasoning through group talk

4. What did the children think about the group work?
Children felt they:
spoke more and were more on task
had improved their questioning
could expose their thinking without worrying about negative consequences: ‘you don’t have to hide your thoughts’

5. The five teaching and learning approaches that engaged pupils
Setting ground rules
Guided learning
Avoiding evaluation
Allowing time
Encouraging autonomy

6. How did teachers set ground rules and guide learning?
Ground rules for group work included ‘involve everyone’ and ‘ask for reasons’
Teachers repeated the rules to help children get in the habit of asking questions and including everyone
Guiding learning, for example, meant re-reading key lines of a text to frame children’s analysis

7. Avoiding evaluation, allowing time and encouraging autonomy
Teachers
did not evaluate pupils’ contributions so they turned to each other for responses
waited for all pupils to stop talking before intervening
allowed pupils to lead the discussion as they gained confidence

8. What did effective dialogue look like?
Girl 1: Why do you think it’s a sad poem?
Boy 2: I just think it’s a sad poem. It’s about a dog.
Girl 1: But why is it sad? Why do you think it’s a sad poem?
Girl 2: Come on Nick. Why do you think it’s sad? (Encouraging)
Boy 2: Because it’s about a dog … and he’s hungry and he can’t get any food and he’s asleep on the beach.

9. Who were the children in the study?
Six Year 7 classes at five schools in Sussex
The groups were mixed-sex ability groups (high, middle and low)

10. How was the information gathered?
The researchers based their findings on
recordings of children’s talk
notes from observations
interviews
teacher lesson evaluations
The researchers used four indicators of higher-order thinking to compare children’s talk at the beginning and end of the 10-week period
analytical thinking, eg identifying implied meanings in a text
evaluation, eg using phrases such as ‘I think’
synthesis, eg extrapolating from whole text to assess the extract at hand
hypothetical thinking, eg using phrases such as ‘if’ and ‘may’
First

11. How can teachers use the evidence in this study?
One of the main challenges for teachers promoting effective group talk was refraining from dominating the discussion.
You may find it useful to record a group discussion in your lesson. What are the features of your interventions that encourage pupils to ask questions of each other, and what features dampen it?

12. How can school leaders use the evidence in this study?
Do you have a good understanding of the kinds of talk that take place in classes in your school?
You may want to encourage teachers to video group discussions in their classes to build a detailed picture of the extent to which pupils ask questions and highlight possible next steps.

13. Follow-up reading
Study reference: Sutherland, J (2006) Promoting group talk and higher-order thinking in pupils by coaching secondary English trainee teachers in Journal of Literacy 40 (2) pp
You might like to read a longer summary of effective teachers of literacy on the TLA website: