1. VAM: Value, Authority, Motivation
Proofs involving ethos and pathos address these appeals to the audience and can have great persuasive power
narrated-by-oprah-video/
7min write-How does this commercial use ethos and pathos to convince the consumer to buy? Does this combo of famous voice(ethos) and American Values (pathos) have great persuasive power?

2. Sources and Types of Proof
This PowerPoint can be used for an introduction of or a review of the main concepts in Chapter 6 of the text.
Feel free to add your own talking points to the notes pages.
Minnis

3. Straight from the horse’s mouth!
Primary Source
Present during an experience or time period
Offer an inside view of a particular event
Straight from the horse’s mouth!
A primary source witnesses, records first-hand, or participates directly in an event

4. Examples of Primary Sources
Diary of Anne Frank
WWII history
The Constitution of Canada
Canadian history 
A current scientific journal article reporting NEW research, discovery, or findings 
Science
Weavings and pottery
Native American history 
What might you get from a primary source that would not be available from a secondary source?

5. Secondary Source Secondary Source
Primary Source
Primary
Sources
Secondary sources provide interpretation and analysis of primary sources.
Secondary sources are one step removed from the original event or "horse's mouth."
Most of the sources we use are secondary sources

6. Examples of Secondary Sources:
Britannica Online encyclopedia
American National Biography (database)
Critic’s review analyzing a play, poem, novel, or short story
Magazine or newspaper article about events or people
Political commentary about an election
What advantage might a secondary source offer over a primary source?

7. Aristotle’s Categories of Proof
Physical Evidence
‘Laid on the table’
Thoughtful Persuasion
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
Point out that these categories, laid out so long ago by a Greek philosopher, remain useful.
Logos, Ethos, Pathos will be further explained in subsequent slides.

8. Physical Evidence: Can you lay it on the table?
The most natural association with physical evidence is to its use in criminal investigations, where hard evidence that can be ‘laid on the table’ is necessary to secure a conviction.
You may want to have students brainstorm a list of types of physical evidence.

9. Ethos=Authority Ethos: Opinions Judgments Impressions Reputation
Credentials
Respect for character and experience
For proof that builds credibility, your audience’s perception of your authority is key. You need to establish good credentials to build respect for your expertise

10. Pathos=Motivation Feelings Motives Values Pathos: Emotion Ideals
Issues worth arguing are often issues that provoke strong feelings and powerful opinions. Pathos appeals to the emotions generated by those strong feelings.
Ideals
Beliefs
Ethics and morals

11. Logos=Reason Facts Statistics Real examples Common sense Logic
Understanding
Logos: Objective Evidence
Facts
Statistics
Real examples

12. How to test the PROOF- Is the evidence relevant to the claim?
Does your evidence reach the conclusion correctly? Or are you reaching?
Is the evidence up to date?
Is it slanted to work?
This acronym is presented in the text on p. 184.
Pages present additional explanation and examples.

13. Tests of Validity-Activity
With your groups, you will…
Finish Audience Analysis-Mon
Finish Claim/Warrant/Support-Mon
And….
Trade your annotated bibliography within your groups
Groups look for a source example of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Label on their Ann. Bib.
Explain-How does it support that it is Logos, Ethos, and Pathos? Next to each source AND if they are missing one L/E/P suggest to them how they can add it into their research!
Put your names at the top/type up your answers! Turn in!
Source/Cards Notecards due Monday=5 source cards/10 notecards
Paper Length=2,000-2,500 words (4-5 pages)
Use this slide to introduce the next activity: small group preparation and presentation of each of the types of logical proof.