1. No journal today. Please take out your notebooks and open to the literary concepts section for notes. Tomorrow’s FRIDAY QUIZ will cover: –Melville biography film notes –Today’s lesson –Vocab words (4) from “Civil Disobedience”

2. Forms of comparison Analogy Simile Metaphor Allegory

3. Analogy A comparison of similar things for the purpose of explanation. Usually uses something familiar to explain something unfamiliar. An analogy works by comparing things that are actually similar in nature (RELATED). –The working of the heart is compared to a pump. –A river system is compared to a tree. –Yesterday I used an analogy to explain Melville’s change in literary style from popular adventure stories to deep, dark psychological studies: I compared it to the actor Will Smith changing his acting career from The Fresh Prince of Bel Aire to serious roles, such as in The Pursuit of Happyness or I Am Legend.

4. Simile A single phrase that DIRECTLY compares two objects or actions that seem unrelated by actually using the words like, as, or as if. A simile is an expressed analogy. –She was as pretty as a picture. –He swims like a fish.

5. Metaphor A single phrase that makes an INDIRECT (not stated) comparison of two objects or actions that seem unrelated. A metaphor is an implied analogy. –“Morning is a new sheet of paper for you to write on.” (Eve Meriam in a poem entitled “Metaphor”) –Walt Whitman called grass “the beautiful uncut hair of graves.”

6. Allegory Allegory is a form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions throughout a story represent meanings that lie outside the story itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance.

7. Allegory vs. metaphor Metaphor makes just a single comparison between two things and then moves on. –“Morning is a new sheet of paper for you to write on.” –(Eve Meriam in a poem entitled “Metaphor”) Allegory carries the representation through the whole story from different angles.

8. Allegory The underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social.

9. Allegory The characters themselves often represent abstract ideas.

10. The Wizard of Oz Dorothy meets the Cowardly Lion from the first edition.

11. The Wizard of Oz as political allegory (from wikipedia.com) PUBLISHED IN 1900. “Some scholars have theorized that the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s, specifically the debate of the day regarding monetary policy: Dorothy represents the naïve American heartland. The tornado’s destruction represents the economic destruction of the agrarian Midwest. The "Yellow Brick Road" represents the gold standard.gold standard The silver slippers (which were ruby slippers in the film version) represent the sixteen to one silver ratio (dancing down the road). The wicked witches of the east and west represented the local banks and the railroad industry, respectively, both of which drove small farmers out of business. The scarecrow represents the farmers of the Populist party, who managed to get out of debt by making more silver coinage…Populist

12. The Wizard of Oz as political allegory (from wikipedia.com) The Tin Woodman represents the factory workers of the industrialized North, whom the Populists saw as being so hard- pressed to work grueling hours for little money that the workers had lost their human hearts and become mechanized themselves. Bryan also fits the allegorical reference to the Cowardly Lion in that he retreated from his support of free silver after economic conditions improved in the late 1890s. However, it has also been suggested the cowardly Lion represented Wall Street investors, given the economic climate of the time. The Munchkins represented the common people (serfdom), while the emerald city represented Washington and its green-paper money delusion. Oz represents Washington D.C. The Wizard, a charlatan who tricks people into believing he wields immense power, would represent the President. The kiss from the Good Witch of the North is the electoral mandate. Dorothy must destroy the Wicked Witch of the West—the old West Coast "establishment" (money) with water (the US was suffering from drought). Moreover, "Oz" is the abbreviation for the measuring of these precious metals: ounces.”

13. With your partner, think of characters from books, films, TV or music that represent these characteristics: –Greed –Envy –Hope –Innocence –Strength

14. Buffy the Vampire Slayer is Allegorical. “One of the most interesting workings of allegory in modern television was the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Each week Buffy would face a new demon or vampire that was also allegorical to whatever issues Buffy faced as a high school and later college student. Use of allegory in each episode was so strong and cohesive that even scholars became deeply interested in the Buffyverse. Multiple serious conventions of literature and film majors were held to present scholarly interpretations of Buffy” (www.geekwise.com).www.geekwise.com

15. The Sneetches by Dr. Seuss is an allegorical tale. Identify the deeper, second meanings. –Who or what do each of the characters represent? (Plain Belly Sneetches, Star Belly Sneetches, and Sylvester McMonkey McBean?) –What do the “Star On” and “Star Off” machines’ actions represent? –What are the moral, political, religious and/or social meanings of the story?