1. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns

2. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Cultural Patterns No object is mysterious. The mystery is in your eye. —Elizabeth Bowen Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. —Confucius There never were, in the world, two opinions alike, no more than two hairs, or two grains; the most universal quality is diversity. —Montaigne

3. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Learning Objectives identify the distinctions between high and low context cultures identify Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientations identify Hofstede’s cultural dimensions understand the implications of cultural values for international communication

4. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Case 1 Wood and Food Why did the farmer do that? What values are reflected in this story?

5. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Cultural Patterns Hofstede’s Value Dimension D Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation E Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Dimensions C Components of Cultural Patterns B An Introduction to Cultural Patterns A

6. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text A An Introduction to Cultural Patterns Members of a culture generally have a preferred set of responses to the world. People from other cultures differ in both obvious and subtle ways.

7. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text A An Introduction to Cultural Patterns 1. obvious: food …

8. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text A An Introduction to Cultural Patterns 1. obvious differences: clothing …

9. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text A An Introduction to Cultural Patterns 2. subtle, less visible differences: culture’s collective assumptions: what the world is shared judgments: what it should be widely held expectations: how people should behave predictable behavior patterns … Cultural Patterns: beliefs, values, norms, and social practices

10. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Case 2 Enquiry Kim: an immigrant Judy: an American neighbor Why did Judy feel that was something strange about the conversation?

11. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text B Components of Cultural Patterns 1. Beliefs 2. Values 3. Norms 4. Social Practices

12. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.1 Beliefs Ideas people assume to be true about the world 1)a set of learned interpretations: basis to decide what is and what is not logical and correct 2)difficult to discuss: people are usually not conscious of them 3)much of what you consider to be reality may, in fact, not be reality to people from other cultures

13. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.1 Beliefs Different cultures, different realities and beliefs Christian: Christianity 基督教 Islamist: Islam 伊斯兰教 Buddhist: Buddhism 佛教 Jew: Judaism 犹太教 Hindu: Hinduism 印度教（崇拜几位天神，相信轮回转 世） Shintoist: Shinto 神道教（ 1945 年前为日本国教）

14. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.1 Beliefs Different cultures, different realities and beliefs

15. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.2 Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. transmitted by a variety of sources family, proverbs, school, church, state … provide the foundation that underlies a people’s entire way of life broad based, enduring, relatively stable

16. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.2 Values Different expression of emotion AmericansChinese express feelings outwardly; taught not to be timid about letting people know they are upset not to openly express their own personal emotions, especially strong negative ones The squeaky wheel gets the grease. A harsh word dropped from the tongue cannot be brought back by a coach and six horses.

17. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.3 Norms Socially shared expressions of appropriate behaviors Vary within a culture Change over a period of time A wide variety of behaviors: greetings, good manners, interactions …

18. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.4 Social practices Predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow Outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms CountryLunchGifts The United States Italy Malaysia China

19. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns B.4 Social practices Two types: informal, formal all members of a culture do not necessarily follow that culture’s “typical” social practices InformalEveryday tasks Eating, sleeping, dressing, working, playing, and talking to others FormalSocial practice Rituals, ceremonies, and structured routines

20. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Case 3 DVD Player Ellen: a graduate student Alice: an American classmate and friend Why do you think Alice refused to loan her DVD player to Ellen?

21. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text C Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Dimensions context: setting or environment meanings: not come from the verbal language alone, also implied from the context context determines: 1) the words and actions we generate; 2) the meanings we give to the words and actions of other people continuum: cultures differ ranging from high to low context

22. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text C High-context cultures prefer to use high-context messages most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or presumed to be part of the individual’s internalized beliefs, values, norms, and social practices; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message Low-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code

23. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns High-context and Low-context Meaning: implied by setting or in explicit code

24. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Mode of Communication AsianIndirect, implicit WesternDirect, explicit Misunderstandings: Japanese Americans

25. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Case 4 Wrong Signal? Ning Tong: a Chinese student Tom: an American student What is the problem shown in this case? Why did Ning Tong keep silent? What information do you think he wanted to convey? What is Tom’s interpretation of Ning Tong’s silence?

26. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text D We do wish to allow the humbled man an equal chance to get rich with everyone else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can better his condition; he knows that there is no fixed condition of labor for his whole life.

27. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text D Hofstede’s Value Dimensions 1. Individualism versus Collectivism 2. Uncertainty Avoidance 3. Power Distance 4. Masculinity versus Femininity 5. Long-term versus Short-term Time Orientation

28. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns D.1 Individualism versus Collectivism IndividualismCollectivism take care of themselves, immediate families loyalty to group, group take care of individual members autonomyobligations to group independence, privacy, selfdependence, belonging decisions based on individualdecisions based on group competitioncooperation personal goalsgroup goals right to private property, thoughts, opinions indirect, saving face, concern for others individual initiative, achievementharmony I consciousnessWe consciousness

29. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns D.2 Uncertainty Avoidance High Uncertainty AvoidanceLow Uncertainty Avoidance avoid uncertainty, ambiguityaccept uncertainty, tolerate unusual provide stability for membersprize initiative establish more formal rulesdislike structure associated with hierarchy, few rules seek consensustake risks, more flexible higher level of anxiety, stressless tense, more relaxed

30. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns D.3 High versus Low Power Distance High Power DistanceLow Power Distance Power and authority: part of societyPower: close to people People: not equal, rightful placePeople: same kind Social hierarchy: prevalentInequality: minimized Actions of authorities: not be challenged, questioned People in power: interact with constituents, less powerful

31. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns D.4 Masculinity versus Femininity MasculinityFemininity Dominant values in society are material success and progress Dominant values in society are caring for others and preservation Money and things are importantPeople and warm relationships are important Men are supposed to be assertive, ambitious, and tough Everybody is supposed to be modest Women are supposed to be tender and to take care of relationships Both men and women are allowed to be tender and to be concerned with relationships Sympathy for the strongSympathy for the weak Big and fast are beautifulSmall and slow are beautiful Sex and violence in newspapers and on TV Sex and violence in the media are taboo

32. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns D.5 Long-Term versus Short-term Time Orientation Long-TermShort-Term Admire persistence, thriftiness, humility, sense of shame Deep appreciation for tradition, personal steadiness and stability Status differencesMaintain face of self and others Linguistic and social distinctionsBalance or reciprocity when greeting others Strong work ethic, great respect to employers Not place high priority on status Value social orderTry to postpone old age long-range goalsShort-term results, seek immediate gratification of needs

33. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns

34. While-Class Learning: Text E Clyde Kluckhohn 克鲁克洪 (1905-1960) American anthropologist known for his field work among the Navaho Indians, his contributions to the theory of culture

35. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns While-Class Learning: Text E Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation OrientationValues and Behavior Human Nature Basically evilMixture of good and evil Basically good Humankind and Nature People subjugated to nature People in harmony with nature People the master of nature Sense of TimePast orientedPresent orientedFuture oriented ActivityBeingBeing in becomingDoing Social Relationship AuthoritarianGroup orientedIndividualism

36. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.1 Human Nature Orientation a. Evil 1. traditional Western belief 2. Original Sin: Adam and Eve 3. can be saved with constant hard work, control, education, self- discipline

37. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.1 Human Nature Orientation b. Good and Evil 1. evil: cannot be eliminated, natural and necessary part of universe 2. born with a propensity for evil 3. become good through learning and education

38. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.1 Human Nature Orientation C. Goodness 1. philosophies of Confucianism and Buddhism 2. Three Character Classic 3. people are good, but their culture often makes them evil

39. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.2 Man-Nature Orientation a. Subjugation to Nature 1. powerful forces of life: outside control 2. force (such as: god, fate, or magic): cannot overcome, learn to accept 3. live in harmony with nature 4. India, parts of South America, China…

40. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.2 Man-Nature Orientation b. Harmony with Nature 1. nature: part of life, not a hostile force to be subdued 2. live in harmony with nature, be part of nature and not control it 3. East Asians (Japan, Thailand…), Native Americans

41. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.2 Man-Nature Orientation c. Mastery over Nature 1. forces of nature: conquer, direct, master 2. value: technology, change, science 3. contribute development of Western science and technology 4. Greenpeace Organization ( 绿 色和平组织 a non-governmental environmental organization) : protect environment

42. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.3 Time Orientation a. Past Orientation 1. believe in significance of prior events 2. religions, tradition: extremely important 3. past: guide for decisions and truth 4. respect: ancestors, predecessors, older people 5. time: cycle, repeating

43. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.3 Time Orientation b. Present Orientation 1. moment: most significance 2. future: vague, ambiguous, unknown 3. enjoyment: in the present 4. time: cycle, repeating

44. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.3 Time Orientation c. Future Orientation 1. future: emphasize, expect to be grander and nicer 2. If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, and try again. 3. time: linear

45. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.4 Activity Orientation a. Being Orientation 1. stress release, indulgence of existing desires 2. work for the moment 3. satisfied with what they have 4. family background more important

46. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.4 Activity Orientation b. Being-in-Becoming Orientation 1. stress idea of development and growth 2. emphasize activity contributing to development of self 3. value spiritual life more than material one

47. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.4 Activity Orientation c. Doing Orientation 1. stress activity and action 2. a sense of urgency about getting things done 3. accomplishment measured by standards external to individual 4. believe in action and efficiency

48. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.5 Relational (Social) Orientation a. Authoritarian Orientation 1. believe some individuals born to lead 2. authoritarian relationships accepted 3. The eyes cannot rise above the eyebrow.

49. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.5 Relational (Social) Orientation b. Collective Orientation 1. group: most important of all social entities 2. feel dependent on group, safe within it, proud 3. competitive with other groups 4. group concern for all its members, make decisions by consensus 5. China, India, Africa, Latin America

50. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns E.5 Relational (Social) Orientation c. Individualism Orientation 1. all people have equal rights and complete control over destiny 2. individual goals and objectives take priority over group goals and objectives 3. predominant orientation in United States 4. use first names 5. self-reliance, independence

51. Chapter 2 Cultural Patterns Thank You