1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Preventing Infectious Diseases Chapter 13

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How to Answer: 1 = never 2 = occasionally 3 = most of the time 4 = all of the time

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. What do your answers mean? 22-32: you’re doing a good job of protecting yourself from the spread of infectious disease. 11-21: you’re doing well overall but there is room for improvement. 0-10: you need to carefully look at your habits, to help prevent catching or spreading an infectious disease. Chapter 13

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Preventing Infectious Diseases Contents Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases? Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases Chapter 13

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

6. What CAUSES Infectious Diseases? Infectious diseases caused by agents invading the body 1.Bacteria single-celled organisms some cause disease some are harmless or even helpful to the body Examples: tetanus, tuberculosis (TB), strep throat, sinus infections Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases? What Staph & MRSA looks like

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. What CAUSES Infectious Diseases? 2.Viruses Invade & replicate inside living cells. Examples: colds, flu, measles, chicken pox, HPV, Hepatitis, HIV. 3.Fungi absorb & use the nutrients of living or dead organisms. Examples: athlete’s foot, ringworm Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. What CAUSES Infectious Diseases? 4.Protozoans accounts for some of the leading causes of death worldwide (ex: malaria) 5.Parasites feed on other living things Examples: head lice, tapeworms, and some roundworms are parasites. Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

10. How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED? 1.Antibiotics kill or slow the growth of bacteria. Examples: penicillin, bactrim (staph). 2.Antibiotic resistance a condition in which bacteria can no longer be killed by a particular antibiotic. Improper use of antibiotics contributes to the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

12. How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED? 3.Treating Viral Diseases Difficult to treat. Most antiviral medications focus on relieving symptoms. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics. 4.Treating Fungal Infections Some infections are treatable with OTC’s Others require Rx Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How Are Infectious Diseases TREATED? 5.Treating Protozoan Infections The best protection is prevention, and using good hygiene & sanitation. 6.Treating Parasites Example: Head lice can be treated with medicated shampoos. Chapter 13 Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases?

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How Your Body Fights Disease 1.Physical barriers to pathogens include: Chapter 13 Skin (simple barrier) Mucous membranes (trap pathogens) Chemicals (weaken or kill) 2.Inflammation (and Infection) a normal reaction to injury. SIGNS OF INFECTION (pathogens are winning the battle over your body):SIGNS OF INFECTION (pathogens are winning the battle over your body): PainPain RednessRedness SwellingSwelling Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How Your Body Fights Disease 3.The immune system is the body’s system for fighting disease once it is in the body. 4.White blood cells defend the body against disease. 5.Antibodies are proteins that mark pathogens to be destroyed by white blood cells. 6.The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that carry lymph throughout the body, carrying viruses and bacteria back to the lymph nodes. Chapter 13 Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

17. What You Can Do to Stay Well 1.Get enough sleep. 2.Avoid close contact with sick people. 3.Protect yourself (wash hands, cover wounds, etc) 4.Eat a healthy, balanced diet. 5.Drink plenty of water. 6.Get regular medical checkups. 7.Stay up to date on all available vaccines. 8.Reduce your stress levels. 9.Exercise regularly. Chapter 13 Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. What to Do When You Are Sick 1.Stay home and rest. 2.Drink plenty of fluids. 3.Throw away tissues you use right away. 4.Follow all the directions your doctor gives, like following directions for medications. Chapter 13 Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How to Prevent the Spread of Disease 1.Get vaccinated (required school shots, flu shots, etc). 2.Wash with soap frequently (> 30 seconds). 3.Don’t share: Food Drinks Personal items (toothbrushes, etc). 4.Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough with tissue, and wash hands very frequently. Chapter 13 Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. How to Prevent the Spread of Disease 5.When you are outdoors: Chapter 13 wear long-sleeved shirts and pants in long grass use insect repellant when necessary avoid contact with animals that behave strangely (rabies) avoid drinking and swimming in remote, still waters (amoeba, etc) Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Diseases Affect Everybody The best defense against pathogens is avoiding behaviors that increase our risk of infection. No matter how healthy we are, we all become ill from diseases sometimes. There are so many pathogens in so many places it is impossible to avoid them. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

23. Common BACTERIAL Diseases 1.Tetanus causes severe muscle spasms. It enters the body through cuts or wounds. Vaccinations are the best form of prevention. 2.Strep throat sore throat and spots on the tonsils. spread by contact with mucus. The best prevention is avoiding contact with infected people. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Common BACTERIAL Diseases 3.Meningitis inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord. spread by contact with mucus or saliva. There are some vaccines for meningitis. 4.Sinus infections (Sinusitis) cause headaches, mucus, and pressure in the head. spread by contact with mucus. Prevention includes avoiding infected people and avoiding irritants and allergens in the air. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Common BACTERIAL Diseases 5.Salmonella headaches, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and nausea. It is spread by eating food from an infected animal or food contaminated by an infected person. Prevention involves proper refrigeration, cooking, and handling of food. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

28. Other Common Diseases 1.Fungal infections examples: athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm often occurs when the fungus contacts dark, warm, moist skin. Prevention: good personal hygiene and keeping clothes clean & dry. 2.Malaria the most widespread and serious protozoan disease worldwide. spread from person to person via mosquitoes. Malaria can be prevented and treated with antimalarial medicines. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Other Common Infections 3.Parasites a)inside the body examples: hookworms, tapeworms b)outside the body examples: lice, leeches, ticks, fleas c)contracted by: eating infected food drinking infected water contacting infected soil getting bitten by infected insects Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Working Toward a Healthy Future International air travel has made it easier for diseases to spread from country to country. Public health organizations throughout the world fight diseases through vaccinations and treatments. The National Institute of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) track the spread of diseases and watch for new diseases entering the country. Chapter 13 Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Chapter 13