1. APA format Presentation Dr. Michael Benhar Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 1

2. APA FORMAT Good on-line source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/560 Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2

3. How to find a peer-reviewed article Library home Periodicals EBSCO – Academic search premier Choose Databases (on top of page) Check Academic Search Premier, ERIC, psycARTICLES, psychology and behavioral sciences collection – press ok (bottom of page) Check full text, scholarly (peer-reviewed) journals Go down the page to “document type” and choose “articles” Input subject on top of page and click on “SU subject terms,” and then click search Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3

4. General Document Guidelines –Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) –Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces) –Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figure captions. –Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin) –Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces –Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the first line of every page (except Figures), beginning with the title page. Figures –Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the paper title appear five spaces to the left of the page number on every page (except Figures), beginning with the title page. Manuscript page headers are used to identify manuscript pages during the editorial process. Using most word processors, the manuscript page header and page number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all pages.Figures –Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For example, use "We predicted that..." rather than "It was predicted that..." –Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, Body, ReferencesTitle PageAbstractBodyReferences

5. Main Body Abstract Title page Your paper should include four major sections:

6. Title Page Page header: (use Insert Page Header) title flush left + page number flush right. Title: (in the upper half of the page, centered ) name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)

7. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 1 Running head: SELF-EFFICACY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Self-Efficacy and Classroom Management Michael Benhar Suffolk County Community College TOP 1/3 OF PAPER This is an example of a title page. Remember that the entire paper is 12 font and double-spaced. Write the words Running head just as you see it here and then : and then tab to write your title of paper all capitalized. The words “Running head” only appear on the title page.

8. Abstract Page Page header: do NOT include “Running head:” except for the title page. Abstract (centered, at the top of the page) Write a paragraph that summarizes your paper. This should be written after you have finished writing your paper. It should be around 75-120 words (in a real journal it would be between 150-250 words and would contain key words that help a researcher find specific articles related to a topic).

9. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 2 Abstract The purpose of this paper was to see the effects of taking a graduate classroom management course on self-perceived efficacy in classroom management. Many modulating variables appeared to affect the graduate students’ self-efficacy beliefs. The results indicate that a graduate classroom management course can be a beneficial factor in teaching students to target behaviors and devise appropriate interventions to reduce maladaptive behaviors………….. SELF-EFFICACY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT This is an example of an abstract page

10. Main Body (Text)  The first text page is page number 3  Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of the page  Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break  Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-text citations

11. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 3 Self-Efficacy and Classroom Management A principle source of emotional exhaustion and perceived negative self- evaluation in job performance for teachers is classroom behavior problems (Griffith, Steptoe, & Cropley, 1999). Moreover, teachers poor self- efficacious classroom management abilities contributes greatly to the burnout process (Brouwers & Tomic, 2000). Bandura defined self-efficacy as beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute specific goal (Bandura, 1997). More specifically, self- efficacy beliefs influence specific goals and these goals help increase motivation when obstacles are presented (Bandura, 1997; Zimmerman, 1995). SELF-EFFICACY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Main body sample page

12. The following slides are examples of how to cite within the body of the paper. Use your own words and no quoting is allowed. Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in maladaptive behaviors in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not statistically significant. Other studies have replicated these findings (Gold & Firth, 2000). Therefore, behavioral principles are still the best intervention in reducing maladaptive behaviors in children with autism (Lovaas, Greenspan, & Miller, 2002). Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12

13. LaFemina (2006) disagreed with the results of the experiment. Research shows that these results are not typical (LaFemina, 2006). Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports ABA for autistic children. Research supports ABA for autistic children (Wegener & Petty, 1994). Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Work by 1 or 2 people

14. Authors cited in parentheses Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 14

15. 3 or more sources cited When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." are used. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Payne et al. (1991) showed that... Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 15

16. Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses every time the source is cited (including the first time). Harris et al. (2001) argued... Researchers disagree with these results (Harris et al., 2001). Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 16

17. How to cite an entire website Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive web site for children (http://www.kidspsych.org). Many of the activities are very interesting and allow the children to become involved. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 17

18. How to cite a website when there is an author Benhar (2008) provides guidelines for the use of APA writing style. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 18

19. Citing a source that you have not read Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 19

20. Quotations (no quotes allowed in our paper; this is just an example to show you how it is done) Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently incubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829). Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 20

21. References The reference section begins on a new page and is the last page of your paper. The heading is centered on the first line below the manuscript page header. The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the references heading and are double-spaced. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. The following slides are examples of how to cite a reference correctly and ends with a sample Reference page. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 21

22. (Example of book; notice the name of the book is italicized) Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman Press. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 22

23. (Example of a journal article; notice the name of the journal and volume number is italicized and hanging indent on second line) Martin, A., Linfoot, K., & Stephenson, J. (1999). How teachers respond to concerns about misbehavior in their classroom. Psychology in the Schools, 36, 347- 358. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Volume number of journal Include all the page numbers of the article; not just the pages you used.

24. ( Example of chapter from book when each chapter is written by a different author; notice the name of the book is itlicized and hanging indent) Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self efficacy in changing societies (pp. 202- 231). New York: Cambridge University Press. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 24

25. (Example of a magazine article; notice the magazine’s name is italicized) Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today, 70-76. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 25

26. (Example of a newsletter/newspaper article; notice the name of newspaper is italicized) Goleman, D. (1991, October 24). Battle of insurers vs. therapists: Cost control pitted against proper care. New York Times, pp. D1, D9. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 26

27. (Example of a website; notice the title of document is italicized) Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, fromVanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard,edu/faulty.html Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 27

28. References Page (last page of paper)  Center the title– References-- at the top of the page  Double-space reference entries  Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines  Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames (last name) Do NOT include “Running head:” in the header after the title page!

29. 9 References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author. Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm.html Gardner, H. (1991, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today, 70-76. Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Pschology, 20, 168- 172. Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse- maternal aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. Educational Research by John W. Creswell. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Slide 29 SELF-EFFICACY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Sample Reference page