1. Holder DNA September 2008

2. DNA 101 Women have two X chromosomes Men have one X and one Y every egg cell has an X, and every sperm cell has an X OR a Y

3. So men always get their Y chromosome from their father Traditionally, they also take their father’s surname This means DNA sequences on the Y chromosome tend to track with the surname Some of these sequences mutate over a time frame that is useful for genealogical tracking

4. STR markers STR = Short Tandem Repeats ATAG Some are more complicated

5. Slippage of DNA strands during replication can cause a repeat sequence to get longer or shorter Frequency with which this occurs varies among the STR markers - some are stable, some change rapidly

6. HOLDER project statistics Numbers now go to 58 - 2 who never sent back kits - 1 who goes through a female Holder 7 groups with at least 2 samples –All these should be valid Holder groups –Nearly all are associated with southeast U.S. 9 single samples that differ from these –May be valid Holder groups, but need more samples to compare

7. Group A 9 samples Thomas Holder and Susannah Bunch of Bertie Co. NC Westward movement - Orange Co. NC, Cherokee Co. NC, on to Tennessee, Alabama, Texas, Florida

8. Group B 5 samples John Holder (1694-1773) of PA Three sons moved to NC Another son’s children moved to New Brunswick From NC, moved to Indiana, Iowa, Colorado and further west “Moravian line” in Bill’s database

9. Group C A single sample James Holder & Lucinda Worley, Indiana, m. 1838 Descendants in Missouri, Oklahoma

10. Group D 21 samples, which divide into two main groups plus some outliers At least three distinct paper trails back to the early 1700s We’ll return to this group later

11. Group E Single sample Paper trail indicates descent from a female Holder who reverted to her maiden name after a bad marriage Her children’s biological surname may be MORGAN, but so far haven’t proved this

12. NPE = non-paternal event Adoption, maybe with no paper record Child born out of wedlock Husband not the real father of the baby Name change for some other reason

13. Group F Single sample James Holder b. 1833, Ohio Descendants in Missouri, Kansas

14. Group G 2 samples Alston Holder, in SC in 1800; later in Indiana

15. Group H 2 samples Abraham Holder, Virginia to Pennsylvania Descendants in Missouri, Pennsylvania

16. Group I Single sample, only 12 markers, and hasn’t supplied information on ancestry

17. Group J 3 samples Sion Holder, Harnett Co. NC

18. Group K 2 samples Thomas Peyton Holder, Alabama Descendants in Mississippi, Michigan

19. Do you get the feeling this is ?

20. Group L 1 sample James Martin Holder, South Carolina to Georgia

21. Group M 1 sample, only 12 markers Family originally from Barbados, later Trinidad

22. Group N 1 sample Suffolk, England (our only English donor so far) But DNA profile is typical of Siberia!

23. Group O 1 sample, only 12 markers No genealogical data yet

24. Group P 1 sample William Holder, Lincoln Co. TN and Madison Co. AL

25. Group Q 1 sample, tested at a different company so results don’t exactly line up with FTDNA samples Jeptha Holder of Randolph Co. NC - but we have another putative descendant of Jeptha who is in group D Group D seems more likely based on migration patterns

26. Group R 1 sample, newest participant Don’t have ancestry yet, but he doesn’t match anyone else

27. An aside on Haplogroups Ancient origins Can be predicted by overall pattern of STR markers Confirm by “deep clade” test Not useful for recent genealogy, but may be helpful in working back to origins outside the U.S.

29. R1b haplogroup By far the most common in the British Isles May find coincidental matches Recommend expanding to 67 markers Holder family groups A, C, D, E, J and P

30. I haplogroups Most common in Scandinavia Several distinct subgroups 25 markers are enough to distinguish from R1b types, but more may be desirable to help sort out lines within a family Holder family groups: H,K,L (most common type); also B, G and Q (more unusual types)

31. R1a haplogroup More common in eastern Europe, but still significant in the British Isles Holder family group F

32. Where do we go from here? More tests for existing donors Recruit more donors in current groups Try to cross the pond –Very little response so far from England –Suspicious of our intentions –Not willing to pay for tests

33. Group A recommendations Samples 004 and 017 could expand from 37 to 67 markers; would establish if they are identical over all 67 markers and provide a basis for later work Paper research is likely to be more productive than DNA for now, however

34. Group D problems How far back does the split between D1 and D2 go? Can we find a way to distinguish between descendants of the three main D2 progenitors?

35. D ancestor - before 1700 D1 D2-D4 DYS19 = 15 DYS19 = 14 D1a,b,e DYS439=12 D1c,d DYS439 ► 13 D2a DYS464d=16 D2b DYS458=16 D2b,c DYS464d ► 20 D2c DYS458 ► 17 Insufficient data to tell where D3 and D4 diverged Subgroups are defined by single marker changes Insufficient data to determine when these occurred

36. D ancestor - before 1700 D1 D2-D4 DYS19 = 15 DYS19 = 14 D1a,b,e DYS439=12 D1c,d DYS439 ► 13 D2a DYS464d=16 D2b DYS458=16 D2b,c DYS464d ► 20 D2c DYS458 ► 17 005, 033 William Presley 1780 TN to MO, TX 018 Jeptha 1784 Randolph Co. NC 019 Gabriel 1768 Russell Co. KY 021, 035 Davis? White Co. TN 009 John 1744 (Col.) VA to KY to MS John 1749 (Agnes) VA to AL to AR 008 Solomon 1774 NC to SC to TN 045, 047 Bledsoe 1783 055 Hawkins 1800 037 Elisha G. 1813 054 Jesse P. 1829 SC to MS, TX 022, 046, 050(?) Solomon 1770 SC to TN Franklin Co.

37. Group D recommendations More markers needed for as many people as possible One more more D1s expand to 67 markers Palindromic pack test for D2c group (#s 022, 046, 050 #040 needs to expand to at least 25 markers

40. Adding to the web site More complete summaries of families Migration maps for each group Other suggestions?