1. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African-American History SECOND EDITION PRENTICE HALL Chapter Free Black People in Antebellum America 1820–1861 7

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Title page

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Our Voices and our degradation are ever arrayed against us, but our virtues are passed by unnoticed. And what is still more lamentable, our white friends to whom we conceded all the principles of humanity and religion, from these very causes seem to have fallen into the current of popular feeling and are imperceptibly floating on the stream – actually living in the practice of prejudice, while they abjure it in theory, and feel it not in their hearts.

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Chapter Focus Questions What are the contradictions described in this excerpt? What challenges did free black people face as they built communities in the decades before the Civil War?

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold What are the contradictions

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Freedom

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Demographics of Freedom (cont'd) How many free African Americans were there and where did they live?

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold MAP 7–1

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Demographics of Freedom In 1820 there were 233,504 free African Americans living in the United States. Of the free African Americans, 99,281 lived in the North, 114,070 in the upper South, and just 20,153 in the Deep South. Free people of color accounted for 2.4 percent of the American population and 3 percent of the southern population.

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Demographics of Freedom (cont'd) By 1860 the free African-American population had reached 488,070. Of these, 226,152 lived in the North, 224,963 in the upper South, and 36,955 in the Deep South.

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold FIGURE 7–1

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold FIGURE 7–2

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Jacksonian Era Market Revolution - The transformation of the North into a modern industrial society. An economy based on subsistence farming, goods produced by skilled artisans, and local markets grew into one marked by commercial farming, factory production, and national markets.

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Artist’s depiction of the Erie Canal.

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Jacksonian Era (cont'd) By the 1820s the northern states were teeming with reform The market revolution also helped create mass political parties. Suffrage - The right to vote.

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Jacksonian Era (cont'd) President John Quincy Adams (1825), along with his secretary of state, Henry Clay, hoped to promote industrialization through a national program of federal government aid. Democratic Party - Political party led by Martin Van Buren. Supported slaveholders

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Jacksonian Era (cont'd) The Whig Party was a national organization that fought the Democrats for power from 1834 to 1852. Opposed expansion, immmigration Peaceful tones regarding race but few defended the rights of African Americans

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Limits of Freedom

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The North (cont'd) What was the Fugitive Slave Law and why was it a threat to all free African Americans?

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Fugitive Slave Laws 1793 Escaped slaves in the north had to be returned Endangered the freedom of northern African Americans who were taken as well

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Laws (cont'd) What types of laws did states enact against African Americans and how did it impact their lives?

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Laws White Americans considered self-reliance, intellectual curiosity, the capacity for self- government, military valor, and an energetic work ethic as inherently “Anglo- Saxon” characteristics.  They also believed that other racial groups lacked these characteristics  They considered black people inferior

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Laws (cont'd) White Americans considered self-reliance, intellectual curiosity, the capacity for self- government, military valor, and an energetic work ethic as inherently “Anglo- Saxon” characteristics.  Northern states tried to keep more African Americans from moving into this territory, due to fear of job competition among other things.

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Laws (cont'd) Between 1804 and 1849, Ohio’s black laws required several things from African Americans entering the state. Legal evidence that they were free $500 bond to pay for their support Could not sit on juries

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Certificates of Freedom

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Certificates of Freedom

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Laws (cont'd) In 1813 the Illinois Territory threatened that African Americans who tried to settle within its borders would be repeatedly whipped until they left. Indiana citizens ratified a state constitution in 1851 that explicitly banned all African Americans from the state.

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Table 7-1

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Disfranchisement (cont'd) Why did most white oppose giving free African American men the right to vote?

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Disfranchisement Disfranchisement means depriving a person the legal right to vote. This was common for black voters during this period. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the dominant elite in the northeastern states had used property qualifications to prevent both poor black and poor white men from voting.

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Disfranchisement (cont'd) Franchise - The right to vote.  People on both sides of the universal white male suffrage debate argued it would be dangerous to extend the same privilege to black men.  New Jersey stopped allowing black men to vote in 1807 and in 1844 adopted a white only suffrage provision in its state constitution.

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Disfranchisement (cont'd) Franchise - The right to vote.  At the other extreme, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts—none of which had a significant African-American minority— made no effort to deprive black men of the vote

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold FREDERICK DOUGLASS

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Segregation Northern hotels, taverns, and resorts turned black people away unless they were the servants of white guests. African Americans were either banned from public lecture halls, art exhibits, and religious revivals or could attend only at certain times. African Americans faced special difficulty trying to use public transportation.

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Segregation (cont'd) Jim Crow: Term associated with segregated public spaces and amenities. Segregation: The practice of separating people on the basis of race.

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Segregation (cont'd) All African Americans, regardless of their wealth or social standing, were treated this way. All black people, regardless of their class, were also frequently insulted in public by white adults and children. In this atmosphere, African Americans learned to distrust white people.

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Segregation (cont'd) What steps did northern whites take to enforce racial segregation?

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Segregation (cont'd) African Americans moving to northern cities, therefore, were not surprised to find segregated black neighborhoods. Because African Americans representing all social and economic classes lived in these segregated neighborhoods, the quality of housing in them varied. “Nigger Hill” – Boston “Little Africa” – Cincinnati Ghettos were terrible (disease, crime, ect)

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Communities in the Urban North

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Black Family Urban neighborhoods, with their more concentrated black populations, nurtured black community life. As they became free, northern African Americans left their masters and established their own households. By the 1820s the average black family in northern cities had two parents and between two and four children.

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Black Family (cont'd) Both financial need and African-American culture encouraged black northerners to take in boarders and create extended families. Why were black families headed by single women increasingly common in this period?

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Table 7-2

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Struggle for Employment The rising tide of immigration from Europe hurt northern African Americans economically. Before 1820 black craftsmen had been in demand but, given the choice, white people preferred to employ other white people, and black people suffered.

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Struggle for Employment (cont'd) For the rest of the antebellum period, most northern black men performed menial day labor, although a few worked as coachmen, teamsters, waiters, barbers, carpenters, masons, and plasterers.

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Struggle for Employment By 1847 in Philadelphia, for example, 80 percent of employed black men did unskilled labor. Why were African Americans increasingly concentrated in unskilled jobs after 1820?

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Barbering was one

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold STEPHEN SMITH AND WILLIAM WHIPPER

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Northern Black Elite A northern Black elite emerged during the first six decades of the nineteenth century. Although few African Americans achieved financial security during the antebellum decades, black people could become rich in many ways.

52. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Northern Black Elite (cont'd) Although less so than among African Americans in the South, complexion influenced social standing among African Americans in the North, especially in cities like Cincinnati that were close to the South.

53. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs became prevalent among the black elite during this time. Perhaps most successful was Stephen Smith, who owned a lumber and coal business in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and speculated in real estate.

54. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Professionals The northern black elite also included physicians and lawyers. Smith, the first African American to earn a medical degree, graduated from the University of Glasgow in Scotland in 1837 and practiced in New York City until his death in 1874.

55. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Artists and Musicians Although they rarely achieved great wealth and fame, black artists and musicians were also part of the northern African- American elite.

56. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield

57. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Edmonia Lewis.

58. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Lewis’s Hagar

59. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Lewis’s bust of American

60. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Lewis’s Forever Free

61. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold HARRIET E. WILSON

62. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Authors In some respects, the antebellum era was a golden age of African-American literature.  Frederick Douglass  Martin R. Delany  George M. Horton  James W. Whitfield  Harriet E. Wilson

63. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Authors (cont'd) What was the relationship between the black elite and the rest of the African- American community?

64. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African-American Institutions

65. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

66. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

67. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

68. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Churches The black institutions that had appeared during the revolutionary era became stronger, more numerous, and more varied. Black institutions included schools, mutual aid organizations, benevolent and fraternal societies, self improvement and temperance associations, literary groups, newspapers and journals, and theaters.

69. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Churches (cont'd) Black churches were often also community centers and schools for children. By 1846 the independent African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church had 296 congregations in the United States and Canada with 17,375 members. Most other congregations remained affiliated with white denominations.

70. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This stained-glass window

71. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold An 1844 lithograph

72. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Bishops of the AME Church

73. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold A contemporary photograph

74. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Schools (cont'd) Why did most black children receive an inadequate education in the antebellum period?

75. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Churches (cont'd) What role did churches play in the black community?

76. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Schools Very segregated during this time. Black schools were underfunded. Inadequate public funding resulted in poor education or none at all for most black children across the North. Some black leaders defended segregated schools as better for black children than integrated ones.

77. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Free Schools

78. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Voluntary Associations The African-American mutual aid, benevolent, self-improvement, and fraternal organizations that originated during the late eighteenth century grew during the antebellum decades. African Dorcas Association: Distributed clothes to needy African American children.

79. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Voluntary Associations (cont'd) How did black voluntary associations reflect the values and concerns of the black elite?

80. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Free African Americans in the south

81. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

82. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

83. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold

84. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Upper South The free black people of the upper South had much in common with their northern counterparts. But significant differences, which resulted from the South’s agricultural economy and slavery, set free people of color in the upper South apart from those in the North.

85. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Upper South (cont'd) Freedom  A more important difference was the impact of slavery on the lives of free African Americans in the upper South.  Unlike black northerners, free black people in the upper South lived alongside slaves.  Many still had family ties to slavery.  Free black people of the upper South were also more at risk of being enslaved than were black northerners.

86. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Upper South (cont'd) Freedom  Free black people had to carry free papers, which they had to renew periodically.

87. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Work Free black people in the upper South also experienced difficulties in earning a living. Free persons of color in rural areas were generally tenant farmers—renting land from landlords to farm. More factory jobs available due to less competition from immigrants Fewer factories than in the north

88. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Work (cont'd) As in the North, the most successful African Americans were barbers, butchers, tailors, caterers, merchants, and those teamsters and hack drivers who owned their own horses and vehicles.

89. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Early Black Literary Societies

90. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Community Life These circumstances made it more difficult for free black people in the upper South to maintain community institutions. What was the impact of slavery on the lives of the African Americans living the upper South?

91. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Mother Mary Elizabeth Clovis Lange

92. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Deep South A three-caste system similar to that in Latin America developed in the Deep South during the antebellum period.  White People  Free Black People  Slaves

93. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Deep South (cont'd) Some cities developed in the deep South that had a mostly black population, however many of the people there lived in rural areas What was the relationship between free blacks and the white slaveholding class in the Deep South?

94. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Trans-Mississippi West Free black people were rare in this area. African Americans who lived in California in 1860 constituted “75 percent of the free black population of the West.” Laws often prevented blacks from settling in these territories and states.

95. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Trans-Mississippi West (cont’d) Why were there so few African Americans in the West?

96. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Timeline A

97. Copyright ©2011, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prentice Hall African-American History, Second Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Timeline B