1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep CNN Videos Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Nature of Light Table of Contents Section 1 What Is Light? Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves Section 4 Light and Color Chapter 22

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Bellringer What do you think light is? Is light made of matter? Can light travel through space? Chapter 22

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Objectives Describe light as an electromagnetic wave. Calculate distances traveled by light by using the speed of light. Explain why light from the sun is important. Chapter 22

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Light: An Electromagnetic Wave Light is a type of energy that travels as a wave. But unlike most other types of waves, light does not require matter through which to travel. Light is an electromagnetic wave (EM wave). An electromagnetic wave is a wave that consists of electric and magnetic fields that vibrate at right angles to each other. Chapter 22

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Chapter 22

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Light: An Electromagnetic Wave, continued Electric and Magnetic Fields An electric field surrounds every charged object. You see the effect of electric fields whenever you see objects stuck together by static electricity. A magnetic field surrounds every magnet. Because of magnetic fields, paper clips and iron filings are pulled toward magnets. Chapter 22

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Light: An Electromagnetic Wave, continued How EM Waves Are Produced An EM wave can be produced by the vibration of an electrically charged particle. This vibration makes electric and magnetic fields vibrate also. Together, the vibrating fields are an EM wave that carries energy. The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves is called radiation. Chapter 22

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? The Speed of Light Scientists have yet to discover anything that travels faster than light. In the near vacuum of space, the speed of light is about 300,000 km/s. Light travels slightly slower in air, glass, and other types of matter. Chapter 22

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Chapter 22

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Light from the Sun EM waves from the sun are the major source of energy on Earth. For example, plants use photosynthesis to store energy from the sun. Animals use and store energy by eating plants or by eating other animals that eat plants. Chapter 22

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Light from the Sun, continued Even fossil fuels store energy from the sun. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Only a very small part of the total energy given off by the sun reaches Earth. The sun gives off energy as EM waves in all directions. Most of this energy travels away in space. Chapter 22

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Bellringer Describe the weather conditions necessary to see a rainbow. Why do rainbows form? Write your answers in your science journal. Chapter 22

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Identify how electromagnetic waves differ from each other. Describe some uses for radio waves and microwaves. List examples of how infrared waves and visible light are important in your life. Explain how ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays can be both helpful and harmful. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Characteristics of EM Waves The light that you can see is called visible light. However, there is light that you can’t see. The light that you can see and light that you cannot are both kinds of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Other kinds of EM waves include X rays, radio waves, and microwaves. All EM waves travel at 300,000 km/s in a vacuum. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Characteristics of EM Waves, continued The entire range of EM waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions according to the length of the waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is shown on the next slide. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Types of EM waves- #1- Radio Waves Radio waves cover a wide range of waves in the EM spectrum. Radio waves have some of the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies of all EM waves. Radio waves are any EM waves that have wavelengths longer than 30 cm. Radio and TV waves are used for broadcasting radio signals. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Radio Waves, continued Broadcasting Radio Signals Radio stations can encode sound information into radio waves by varying either the waves’ amplitude or frequency. Changing amplitude or frequency of a wave is called modulation. AM stands for “amplitude modulation, and FM stands for “frequency modulation.” Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Radio Waves, continued Comparing AM and FM Radio Waves AM radio waves have longer wavelengths than FM radio waves. AM radio waves can bounce off the atmosphere and thus can travel farther than FM radio waves. But FM radio waves are less affected by electrical noise than AM radio waves, so music broadcast from FM sounds better than music from AM stations. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Radio Waves, continued Radio Waves and Television TV signals are also carried by radio waves. Most TV stations broadcast radio waves that have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than those from radio stations. Some waves carrying TV signals are transmitted to artificial satellites orbiting Earth. The waves are amplified and sent to ground antennas. They the signals travel through cables to TVs in homes. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu #2 Microwaves Microwaves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves. Microwaves have wavelengths between 1 mm and 30 cm. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Microwaves, continued Microwaves and Communication Microwaves are used to send information over long distances, such as for cell phones. Cellular phones send and receive signals using microwaves. Signals sent between Earth and artificial satellites in space are also carried by microwaves. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Microwaves, continued Radar Microwaves are used in radar. Radar (radio detection and ranging) is used to detect the speed and location of objects. Radar sends out microwaves that reflect off an object and return to the transmitter. The reflected waves are used to calculate speed. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu #3 Infrared Waves Infrared waves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than microwaves. The wavelengths of infrared waves vary between 700 nanometers (nm) and 1 mm. Almost everything gives off infrared waves, including the sun, buildings, trees, and your body. The amount of infrared waves an object emits depends on the object’s temperature. Warmer objects give off more infrared waves than cooler objects. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu #4- Visible Light Visible Light from the Sun Visible light is the very narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the EM spectrum that humans eyes respond to. Visible light waves have wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm. The visible light from the sun is white light. White light is visible light of all wavelengths combined. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visible Light, continued Colors of Light Humans see different wavelengths of visible light as different colors. The longest wave- lengths are seen as red light. The shortest wave- lengths are seen as violet light. The range of colors is called the visible spectrum. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu #5- Ultraviolet Light Ultraviolet light (UV light) is another type of EM wave produced by the sun. Ultraviolet waves have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light. The wavelengths of UV light wave vary between 60 nm and 400 nm. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Ultraviolet Light, continued Bad Effects Too much UV light can cause sunburn. UV light can also cause skin cancer and wrinkles, and damage the eyes. Good Effects Ultraviolet waves produced by UV lamps are used to kill bacteria on food and surgical tools. Small amounts of UV light are beneficial to your body, causing skin cells to produce vitamin D. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu #6 and 7 X Rays and Gamma Rays X Rays have wavelengths between 0.001 nm and 60 nm. X rays can pass through many materials, making them useful in the medical field. However, too much exposure to X rays can damage or kill living cells. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu X Rays and Gamma Rays, continued Gamma Rays have wavelengths shorter than 0.1 nm. They can penetrate most materials easily. Gammas rays are used to treat some forms of cancer. Doctors focus the rays on tumors inside the body to kill the cancer cells. Gamma rays are also used to kill harmful bacteria in foods, such as meat and fresh fruits. Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chapter 22

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves Bellringer Mirrors are common objects that most people use every day. From your experience, how do mirrors work and what do mirrors do to light waves? Explain your answers in your science journal. Chapter 22

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Describe how reflection allows you to see things. Describe absorption and scattering. Explain how refraction can create optical illusions and separate white light into colors. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives, continued Explain the relationship between diffraction and wavelength. Compare constructive and destructive interference of light. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reflection Reflection happens when light waves bounce off an object. Light reflects off objects all around you. The Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This law is explained on the next slide. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves Law of Reflection Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reflection, continued Types of Reflection You see your image in a mirror because of regular reflection. Regular reflection happens when light reflects off a very smooth surface. All the light beams bouncing off a smooth surface are reflected at the same angle. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reflection, continued You cannot see your image in a wall because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection happens when light reflects off a rough surface, such as a wall. Light beams that hit a rough surface reflect at many different angles. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves Chapter 22

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reflection, continued Light Source or Reflection? The tail of a firefly, flames, light bulbs, and the sun are light sources. You can see a light source in the dark because its light passes directly into your eyes. Most things around you are not light sources. But you can see them because light from light sources reflects off the objects and the travels to your eyes. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Absorption and Scattering Absorption of Light The transfer of energy carried by light waves is called absorption. When a beam of light shines through the air, particles in the air absorb some of the light’s energy. As a result, the beam of light becomes dim. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Absorption and Scattering, continued Scattering of Light An interaction of light with matter that causes light to change direction is scattering. Light scatters in all directions after colliding with particles of matter. Light can be scattered out of a beam by air particles. This scattered light allows you to see things outside of the beam. But, the beam becomes dimmer because light is scattered out of it. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one material to another. Refraction of light waves occurs because the speed of light varies depending on the material through which the waves are traveling. When a wave enters a new material at an angle, the part of the wave that enters first begins traveling at a different speed from that of the rest of the wave. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction, continued Refraction and Lenses A lens is a transparent object that refracts light to form an image. Convex lenses are thicker in the middle than at the edges. When light beams pass through a convex lens, the beams are refracted toward each other. Concave lenses are thinner in the middle than at the edges. When light beams pass through a concave lens, the beams are refracted away from each other. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction, continued Refraction and Optical Illusions Your brain always interprets light as traveling in straight lines. But when you look an an object that is underwater, the light reflecting off the object does not travel in a straight line. Instead, it refracts. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction, continued Because of refraction, the cat and the fish see optical illusions. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction, continued Refraction and Color Separation White light is composed of all the wavelengths of visible light. The different wavelengths of visible light are seen by humans as different colors. When white light is refracted, the amount that the light bends depends on its wavelength. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Refraction, continued Waves with short wavelengths bend more than waves with long wavelengths. White light can be separated into different colors during refraction, as shown below. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Diffraction Diffraction is the bending of waves around barriers or through openings. The amount a wave diffracts depends on its wavelength and the size of the barrier or opening. The greatest amount of diffraction occurs when the barrier or opening is the same size or smaller than the wavelength. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Diffraction, continued Diffraction and Wavelength The wavelength of visible light is very small. So, a visible light wave cannot diffract very much unless it passes through a narrow opening, around sharp edges, or around a small barrier. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interference Interference is a wave interaction that happens when two or more waves overlap. Constructive Interference happens when waves combine to form a wave that has a greater amplitude than the original waves had. Destructive Interference happens when waves combine to form a wave that has a smaller amplitude than the original waves had. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interference, continued The image below shows what happens when light combines by interference. Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Bellringer What is your favorite color? In a short paragraph, explain why you like your favorite color. Also, explain how certain colors affect your mood. Write your paragraph in your science journal. Chapter 22

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Objectives Name and describe three ways light interacts with matter. Explain how the color of an object is determined. Explain why mixing colors of light is called color addition. Describe why mixing colors of pigment is called color subtraction. Chapter 22

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Light and Matter When light strikes any form of matter, it can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. Reflection happens when light bounces off an object. Absorption is the transfer of light energy to matter. Transmission is the passing of light through matter. Chapter 22

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Light and Matter, continued The image at right explains transmission, reflection, and absorption. Chapter 22

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Light and Matter, continued Transparent matter is matter though which light is easily transmitted. Glass is transparent. Translucent matter transmits light but also scatters it. Frosted windows are translucent. Opaque matter does not transmit any light. Computers and books are opaque. Chapter 22

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Light and Matter, continued The images below explain the difference between the terms transparent, translucent, and opaque. Chapter 22

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Colors of Objects Humans see different wavelengths of light as different colors. The color that an object appears to be is determined by the wavelengths of light that reach your eyes. Light reaches your eyes after being reflected off an object or after being transmitted through an object. Chapter 22

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Colors of Objects, continued Colors of Opaque Objects When white light strikes a colored opaque object, some colors of light are absorbed, and some are reflected. Only the light that is reflected reaches your eyes and is detected. So, the colors of light that are reflected by an opaque object determine the color you see. Chapter 22

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Colors of Objects, continued Colors of Transparent and Translucent Objects Ordinary window glass is colorless in white light because it transmits all the colors of light that strike it. But some transparent objects are colored. When you look through colored transparent or translucent objects, you see the color of light that was transmitted through the material. Chapter 22

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Mixing Colors of Light Red, blue, and green are the primary colors of light. These three colors can be combined in different ratios to produce white light and many colors of light. Color Addition is combining colors of light. Light and Color Television The colors on a color TV are produced by color addition of the primary colors of light. Chapter 22

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Mixing Colors of Pigment Pigments and Color A material that gives a substance its color by absorbing some colors of light and reflecting others is a pigment. Color Subtraction When you mix pigments together, more colors of light are absorbed or taken away. So, mixing pigments is called color subtraction. Yellow, cyan, and magenta are the primary pigments. Chapter 22

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Chapter 22

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Concept Map magnetic fields electromagnetic wave reflection electric fields light absorption transmission The Nature of Light Chapter 22

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Nature of Light Chapter 22

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Nature of Light Chapter 22

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 22 Show

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 Jaundice occurs in some infants when bilirubin — a pigment in healthy red blood cells — builds up in the bloodstream as blood cells break down. This excess bilirubin is deposited in the skin, giving the skin a yellowish hue. Jaundice is not dangerous if treated quickly. If left untreated, it can lead to brain damage. Continued on the next slide

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1, continued The excess bilirubin in the skin is best broken down by bright blue light. For this reason, hospitals hang special blue fluorescent lights above the cribs of newborns needing treatment. The blue light is sometimes balanced with light of other colors so that doctors and nurses can be sure the baby is not blue from a lack of oxygen.

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which of the following is a fact in the passage? A Jaundice is always very dangerous. B Bilirubin in the skin of infants can be broken down with bright blue light. C Excess bilirubin in the skin gives the skin a bright blue hue. D Blue lights can make a baby blue from a lack of oxygen.

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which of the following is a fact in the passage? A Jaundice is always very dangerous. B Bilirubin in the skin of infants can be broken down with bright blue light. C Excess bilirubin in the skin gives the skin a bright blue hue. D Blue lights can make a baby blue from a lack of oxygen.

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What is the purpose of this passage? F to explain what jaundice is and how it is treated G to warn parents about shining blue light on their babies H to persuade light bulb manufacturers to make blue light bulbs I to explain the purpose of bilirubin in red blood cells

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What is the purpose of this passage? F to explain what jaundice is and how it is treated G to warn parents about shining blue light on their babies H to persuade light bulb manufacturers to make blue light bulbs I to explain the purpose of bilirubin in red blood cells

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 If you have ever looked inside a toaster while toasting a piece of bread, you may have seen thin wires or bars glowing red. The wires give off energy as light when heated to a high temperature. Light produced by hot objects is called incandescent light. Most of the lamps in your home probably use incandescent light bulbs. Continued on the next slide

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2, continued Sources of incandescent light also release a large amount of thermal energy. Thermal energy is sometimes called heat energy. Sometimes, thermal energy from incandescent light is used to cook food or to warm a room. But often this thermal energy is not used for anything. For example, the thermal energy given off by light bulbs is not very useful.

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. What does the word thermal mean, based on its use in the passage? A light B energy C heat D food

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. What does the word thermal mean, based on its use in the passage? A light B energy C heat D food

83. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What is incandescent light? F light used for cooking food G light that is red in color H light that is not very useful I light produced by hot objects

84. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What is incandescent light? F light used for cooking food G light that is red in color H light that is not very useful I light produced by hot objects

85. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A Sources of incandescent light are rarely found in an average home. B A toaster uses thermal energy to toast bread. C Incandescent light from light bulbs is often used to cook food. D The thermal energy produced by incandescent light sources is always useful.

86. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A Sources of incandescent light are rarely found in an average home. B A toaster uses thermal energy to toast bread. C Incandescent light from light bulbs is often used to cook food. D The thermal energy produced by incandescent light sources is always useful.

87. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation The angles of refraction in the table were measured when a beam of light entered the material from air at a 45 angle. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow. Interpreting Graphics

88. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which material has the highest index of refraction? A diamond B glass C quartz D water

89. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which material has the highest index of refraction? A diamond B glass C quartz D water

90. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which material has the greatest angle of refraction? F diamond G glass H quartz I water

91. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which material has the greatest angle of refraction? F diamond G glass H quartz I water

92. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following statements best describes the data in the table? A The higher the index of refraction, the greater the angle of refraction. B The higher the index of refraction, the smaller the angle of refraction. C The greater the angle of refraction, the higher the index of refraction. D There is no relationship between the index of refraction and the angle of refraction.

93. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following statements best describes the data in the table? A The higher the index of refraction, the greater the angle of refraction. B The higher the index of refraction, the smaller the angle of refraction. C The greater the angle of refraction, the higher the index of refraction. D There is no relationship between the index of refraction and the angle of refraction.

94. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Which two materials would be the most difficult to separate by observing only their angles of refraction? F diamond and glass G glass and quartz H quartz and water I water and diamond

95. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Which two materials would be the most difficult to separate by observing only their angles of refraction? F diamond and glass G glass and quartz H quartz and water I water and diamond

96. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.

97. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A square metal plate has an area of 46.3 cm 2. The length of one side of the plate is between which two values? A 4 cm and 5 cm B 5 cm and 6 cm C 6 cm and 7 cm D 7 cm and 8 cm

98. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A square metal plate has an area of 46.3 cm 2. The length of one side of the plate is between which two values? A 4 cm and 5 cm B 5 cm and 6 cm C 6 cm and 7 cm D 7 cm and 8 cm

99. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. A jet was flying over the Gulf of Mexico at an altitude of 2,150 m. Directly below the jet, a submarine was at a depth of  383 m. What was the distance between the jet and the submarine? F –2,533 m G –1,767 m H 1,767 m I 2,533 m

100. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 2. A jet was flying over the Gulf of Mexico at an altitude of 2,150 m. Directly below the jet, a submarine was at a depth of  383 m. What was the distance between the jet and the submarine? F –2,533 m G –1,767 m H 1,767 m I 2,533 m

101. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. The speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 m/s. Which of the following is a good estimate of the speed of light? A 3.0  10 –8 m/s B 2.0  10 8 m/s C 3.0  10 8 m/s D 3.0  10 9 m/s

102. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 3. The speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 m/s. Which of the following is a good estimate of the speed of light? A 3.0  10 –8 m/s B 2.0  10 8 m/s C 3.0  10 8 m/s D 3.0  10 9 m/s

103. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 4. The wavelength of the yellow light produced by a sodium vapor lamp is 0.000000589 m. Which of the following is equal to the wavelength of the sodium lamp’s yellow light? F –5.89  10 7 m G 5.89  10 –9 m H 5.89  10 –7 m I 5.89  10 7 m

104. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 4. The wavelength of the yellow light produced by a sodium vapor lamp is 0.000000589 m. Which of the following is equal to the wavelength of the sodium lamp’s yellow light? F –5.89  10 7 m G 5.89  10 –9 m H 5.89  10 –7 m I 5.89  10 7 m

105. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 5. Amira purchased a box of light bulbs for $3.81. There are three light bulbs in the box. What is the cost per light bulb? A $0.79 B $1.06 C $1.27 D $11.43

106. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation 5. Amira purchased a box of light bulbs for $3.81. There are three light bulbs in the box. What is the cost per light bulb? A $0.79 B $1.06 C $1.27 D $11.43

107. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

108. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

109. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Section 3 Interactions of Light Waves

110. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Chapter 22

111. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Chapter 22

112. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Light and Color Chapter 22

113. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 22 Standardized Test Preparation

114. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Light? Chapter 22