1. DNA: THE CODE OF LIFE

2. DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
STORES AND PASSES ON GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER .

3. DNA STRUCTURE
-THE DNA structure is shaped like a spiral staircase or a twisted ladder.
-This Double
Helix Model was
discovered by
James Watson
and Francis Crick
in 1953.

4. DNA STRUCTURE
- The legs of the ladder are made of alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates.
- The rungs of the ladder are made of nitrogen bases. There are four types of nitrogen bases in DNA.
- The sugar, phosphate, and base is called a nucleotide.

5. DNA STRUCTURE The four nitrogenous bases are: ADENINE = A GUANINE = G
CYTOSINE = C
THYMINE = T
THEY ARE REPRESENTED BY
THEIR CAPITAL LETTER.

6. DNA STRUCTURE
There are two sides to the ladder (imagine the ladder cut down the middle of the rungs). One half of the rung is one base and the other half is that base’s compliment.
Adenine always pairs with Thymine
Cytosine always pairs with Guanine

8. DNA STRUCTURE
The order of the nucleotides make genes and these code for our individual characteristics.
For example: ATCGTCAGG could be part of a code for the gene that regulates unattached and attached ears.
The number of possible combinations seems never ending.

9. DNA REPLICATION
REPLICATION: Is the process where DNA forms exact copies using one half of the ladder as a template.

10. DNA REPLICATION
The enzyme Helicase splits the original strand in half. Like unzipping a zipper.
2. The enzyme DNA Polymerase takes free floating nucleotides and binds them to the template.
3. Each original strand now has combined with nucleotides and formed a new strand.
4. Half of each new strand of DNA is the original copy.

12. Transcription and Translation
RNA
In order for the information contained in segment of DNA to be useful we have to have RNA.
RNA is like DNA but it differs in three ways:
1. RNA consists of only one strand (like one side of an unzipped zipper).
2. The sugar backbone is made of ribose and not deoxyribose

13. Transcription and Translation
3. RNA has four base pairs but it does not have thymine. Thymine is replaced by another base called Uracil (for short U). It forms a base pair with adenine just like thymine did.

14. Transcription and Translation
What does RNA Do?
RNA takes the message from the DNA and uses it to assemble the amino acids into proteins.

15. Transcription and Translation
Types of RNA Used
There are three types of RNA:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Takes info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
2. Ribosomal RNA (Ribosomes) attach to the mRNA and reads the message to assemble the amino acids in the correct order.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes for assembly

16. Transcription and Translation
In transcription a segment of DNA is used to make an RNA copy.
Steps
1. Enzymes unzip a segment of DNA just like in DNA replication.
2. RNA nucleotides pair up with the DNA nucleotides. Guanine with cytosine and adenine withuracil.
3.The RNA breaks away as the DNA zips back together. This becomes messenger RNA as it goes to the cytoplasm.

17. Transcription and Translation
The Code
There are 20 different amino acids and four bases so the bases have to code for certain amino acids based on their order or sequence.
Three nucleotides(bases) code for one amino acid.
For example if three uracil appear together it codes for the amino acid phenylalanine.
Each group of three bases coding for an amino acid is known as a codon.
There are sixty four combinations possible when using a sequence of three bases. Therefore there are 64 mRNA codons in the genetic code.

18. Transcription and Translation
The code continued
Not all codons code for amino acids. Some code for instructions. UAA codes to stop assembly of the protein and Aug codes for the start.
There can be more than one code for an amino acid. See page 298 for example codons and the amino acids they code for.
This code is universal because the same codons code for the same proteins in all living things.

19. Transcription and Translation
Translation: The process of taking information from the mRNA and turning it into a protein
See Mini Lab 11-1 on page 299
Transfer RNA takes the free floating amino acids to the mRNA. Each tRNA attaches to one specific amino acid for transport.
On the end opposite the amino acid the tRNA has a series of three nucleotides (called the anticodon) that ensure the tRNA locks into the correct place on the mRNA
The tRNA with the anticodon and amino acid find the rRNA (ribosome locked on the mRNA) and locks on.

20. Transcription and Translation
Translation (the end)
The rRNA slides to the next codon another tRNA molecule with a matching anticodon locks on.
An enzyme locks the two amino acids together with a peptide bond. After the bond is formed the first tRNA releases from the mRNA leaving it’s amino acid behind. It is free to go join up with a new amino acid and continue the process.
This continues until the ribosome hits the stop codon. The chain of amino acids is released as a protein enzyme. The protein coils in the same orientation every time.