1. Electric vehicles in Norway and in the Oslo region Erik Figenbaum 13.05.2013

2. 1993/942013 Nationwide – About 65 EVs – 10 charging stations – Tens of EVs sold Oslo region – 40 EVs – 10 charging stations Nationwide 1.quarter – About 12000 vehicles – 4000 charging stations, – 127 fast charge stations – 4000 EVs sold 2012 Oslo region – 5000 EVs – 1750 charging stations, – 45 fast charging stations

3. So how did this come about? efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

4. Up to 2000 – preparation and imports Vehicle registration tax exemption from 1991/1995 Free parking introduced 1999 Some imports of Kewets from Denmark and eventually a factory with all tools and IP rights Think in development phase, bankruptsy, rebirth and new life as a Ford US subsidiary Stavanger gaining traction, linking to Peugeot getting a deal on deliveries of EVs to Stavanger area, lobbying to get EVS24 to Stavanger in 2009 In 2000: only 383 EVs in national fleet efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

5. From 2000 a bumpy ride but gaining traction efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Access to bus- lanes in test area VAT exemption introduced Permanent access to bus lanes, minibus no longer allowed, Free ferries Mitsubishi I- Miev launch Nissan Leaf launch Reduced annual tax VAT exemption decided Transnovas charging station program Ford pulls out of Think Think bankrupt Think launches new model New Buddy launched by Pure mobility Think bankrupt Pure mobility bankrupt Ford launches Thinks first model Kewet Buddy launched by ElbilNorge Think production moved to Finland First fast chargers French EVs 1. gen sold by norwegian importeurs Second hand imports of french EVs REVA EV launched EVS 24 in Stavanger 1500 del. Source: OFV/Grønn bil

6. Sales 2011-2013 efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Nissan expanding nationwide Mitsubishi delivering backlog of pre-orders Nissan Leaf launch Mitsubishi, Citroen, Peugeot price reductions Source OFV

7. Modelsplit sales 2011-2012 efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Source: OFV

8. Development of national EV fleet efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Base of around 3000 devoted EV drivers when the big automakers launched cars in 2010 A survey of EV owners in 2006 showed that they identify themselves as EV drivers

9. 1. gen up to 2009 2.gen from 2010 Small independent producers, uncertainty No warranty No safety rating Think 290000 NOK Few dealers Buyers traded comfort and safety for access to buslanes and free tolls Established automakers and importers 5 year/100000 km warr. 4/5 star EuroNcap rating Mitsubishi price 240000 NOK Mitsubishi 04/13 182000 NOK Nissan Leaf 07/13 220000 NOK efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

10. Geographical spread of EVs efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Source: Grønn bil/OFV

11. EVs in norwegian media efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Media focus started 2-3 years before car- manufacturers launched cars Source: Retriever

12. Access to parking at the household efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Private households No cars1 car2 or more cars Total The household have a garage or carport201 943577 931 30 % 358 600 18 % 1 138 474 58 % The household does not have a garage or carport, but have a reserved parking place 170 815224 826 12 % 8813 5 % 483 771 25 % The household have no parking facilitites209 809105 84023654339 303 17 % Total582 567 30% 908 597 46 % 470 384 24 % 1 961 548 2 or more cars and parking facilities at home: 23% 1 or more cars and parking facilities at home: 65% Households with parking facilities at home: 83% Source: SSB 2001 Likely more multicar households today

13. EVs - a rational choice Price on par or cheaper than gasoline car Low user costs thanks to high fuel taxes User benefits of great value if you use them Many multicar households with garage/carport Positive image Good cars have arrived in the showrooms  A very competitive free market. efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

14. Marketing creativity efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

15. Who are the buyers? Belongs to a multi car household Belongs to households with more people Drives as much as other multi car households Younger than buyers of regular cars More inclined to be well educated and in the work force The new vehicles bought from 2012 are used as much as comparable gasoline cars (2013 NTNU survey) Earlier EVs had lower annual mileage (ECON 2006 survey) A few buy it as their single car and they have reduced annual mileage compared to other single car housholds efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

16. For which trips are the vehicles used? efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Source: Klöckner et al, NTNU

17. The power of incentives… Bus lane access switch from minibus to EVs in test areas had immediate effect on sales: efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Source: Vista Analyse AS 2011

18. Ranking of incentives 1.VAT exemption – cuts vehicle price 25% 2.Access to bus lanes – Vaining importance as vehicle sales spread to regions with few bus-lanes 3.Toll road exemption 4.Reduced annual tax 5.Free parking 6.Expansion of charging stations Runner up: Reduced company car benefit tax Early days: Exemption from tax on vehicle registration efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

19. How did EVs get all these incentives? 1990s: Removing disincentives to get testing going, local initiatives on free parking, toll road exemption created bottom-up push on government, energy industry involv. 2000s: The dream of an EV industry, needed a strong homemarket to thrive 2010s: Climate policy, increasingly important part of transportation sector efforts, NGOs, car importers push Always one more incentive needed, New pressure groups joined the party along the way efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

20. But most important of all… It is much easier to NOT collect a tax than to collect taxes and then HAND OUT a subsidy Electric cars was a managable fleet size for access to bus lanes at the time it was decided efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

21. The unfortunate cousin Plug-in hybrids have few incentives They come well out of the registration tax VAT makes the cars extra expensive No local benefits  Very slow sales, (about 500 in fleet) but needed to reach national goals efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

22. National targets – Passenger cars efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

23. Safety - fires Fires related to illegal modifications efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Sources: www.vg.no; www.rb.nowww.vg.no

24. Safety - accidents efi@toi.no 13.05.2013 Source www.budstikka.nowww.budstikka.no Source www.bt.nowww.

25. Learning points EVs a rational choice for consumers Most buyers are private citizens EVs bought as secondary vehicles, being used as primary Buyers use the cars a lot and are more car-use inclined – EVs winter range - worst case half of official Cold temperature slows fast charging to half speed Owners illegally upgrade/modify old cars Lot of knowledge and EV-entusiasm built-up in the slow market growth up to 2010, ready for the good EVs efi@toi.no 13.05.2013

26. Outlook Economic incentives freezed through 2017 User benefits may change in cooperation with local authoritites Many new models arriving – Waiting list for Tesla Sedan S – Volkswagen, Norways biggest brand, launching cars 2013 and 2014 – BMW, Ford and others coming up efi@toi.no 13.05.2013