1. ULSTER COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE CIS 116Linux (Part 1) Karl Wick

2. What is LINUX? LINUX is an operating system. LINUX is a dialect of the UNIX system, which has been popular on main frame computers for decades. Every file in LINUX is considered a text file unless otherwise specified. UNIX is case sensitive. Filenames up to 256 characters. LINUX now has a GUI available

3. The Shell Prompt vs GUI It is worthwhile to learn how to work from a shell prompt, because using commands via the shell prompt can be quite fast. In the time it might take you to open the file manager in a GUI, locate a directory, and then create, delete, or modify files, you could have finished your work with several commands from a shell prompt. Some tasks simply cannot be performed in a GUI. On Average, a GUI also uses over ¾ of your system resources.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of LINUX

5. Advantages of Linux The most popular FREE Operating System Multi-user and Multi-tasking OS Open Source  Flexibility Wide, informal community of support Can read and write to MSDOS file system Stability  Crashes are isolated Security Efficient use of Hardware Multiboot and OS Emulation

6. Disadvantages Lack of formal Technical Support Some hardware incompatibilities Less software availability Lack of user familiarity

7. bash (Bourne again shell) The default for Red Hat Linux. There are many command interpreters for Linux. One early shell was called Bourne bash is a newer version of Borne and is the default shell for many distributions of Linux, including Red Hat.

8. Loading LINUX Note: You will need about 2GB of free space on your hard drive to load Linux 7.1 (They say 1.2 GB - marginal)

9. Making a boot loader floppy You will need a special floppy disk to begin loading the Linux OS onto your hard drive. A bootloader disk is created by transferring an “image” file onto the floppy. You need a blank formatted floppy and an MS- DOS prompt OR the dd utility on a Unix system.

10. A boot loader from MS-DOS Open an MS-DOS window Insert floppy into A: and CD#1 into D: Type … C:> d: D:> \dosutils D:\dosutils> rawrite * Enter Disk image …..\images\boot.img * Enter Target diskette drive: a: Press and wait. * try rawrite –f..\images\boot.img –d a

11. A boot loader from Unix Insert the floppy but do NOT mount Insert and mount the CD ROM #1 change to directory containing the image cd /dosutils copy the image to the floppy disk dd if=boot.img of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k

12. It is possible to boot directly from the CDROM on some newer machines

13. Booting with the CD from pure DOS x86 based machines NOTE: Windows CANNOT be running! NOTE: We assume that CDROM is D: Type the following commands … C:> d: D:> cd \dosutils D:\dosutils> autoboot.bat

14. Installing Linux Insert the boot loader floppy or CDROM and reboot the computer. The computer should read the floppy and may prompt you for input. Often the default choice is the best, but NOT ALWAYS! Insert the Redhat installation CD when asked and read the screens carefully.

15. Installing Linux In the classroom you should not have to partition the hard disk before installation. At home you may have to run FDISK before installing version 6.0 When installing or upgrading to version 7.1, Disk Druid may run automatically to partition the hard drive. (Disk Druid is built into version 7.1)

16. Best Partitioning /boot 16 megabytes /swap from same as RAM size up to 127megabytes (more is unused) / (root) taking up the remainder of the disk. For a server class install you may want to add  /usr512+ megabytes  /home 512+ megabytes  /var 256+ megabytes

17. IMPORTANT NOTE If installing as a dual boot with windows NT, you must refer to the document at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Li nux+NT-Loader.html for instructions. http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Li nux+NT-Loader.html You cannot install Linux on the MBR or NT will be lost.

18. Making the right decisions Follow the handout for installing Red Hat Loading Linux.doc You should perform a workstation class installation. Password  password (lower case!) Make boot disk if you have a blank floppy available PCI probe  OK Do NOT auto start X

19. Display, etc. Dell super VGA (plain version) Monitor 32 bits per pixel, 1024 x 768 resolution (use the default settings which should be these) generic video card with proper RAM (watch boot screen), Mouse and keyboard. We can change these later on.

20. Make a root and a student account For regular use you should be logged on as a normal user. A good account name is ‘student’. We can all remember it. For system configuration and maintenance we also need a root account. While a root account is required by Linux, it is too dangerous to use it routinely. (Too much chance to mess up the system).

21. Network settings It is best to use the settings listed for your workstation.

22. BOOT into TEXT mode Do NOT auto start X Recovering from not paying attention to this advice; (Click Here) (Or wait 9 slides …)(Click Here)

23. Where have we been? The installer will save installation information in a file called /tmp/install.log

24. Using Linux Note: We will be working with the standard text interface

25. The login screen and the login process After a proper installation, the computer will reboot and bring you to a login screen. For now login as root and provide your password (‘password’). If you are successful you will see a prompt similar to [root@localhost /]#

26. Shutting down Just like for Windows, an orderly shutdown is important for Linux. There are cache files to clear (data to write back to disk too) and processes that should be ended in a particular order. Let us look at several ways of properly shutting down.

27. Shutting Down rebootLinux will shut down all services and reboot the computer now. haltLinux will shut down all services and stop the computer now. shutdown [-t sec] [-arkncfF] time [msg]

28. The shutdown Command shutdown [-t sec] [-arkhcfF] time [msg] Will display a message and then shutdown after time minutes go by. -t = wait after killing processes before reboot -h = halt -r = reboot -c = cancel shutdown now time = hh:mm (absolute), +m (minutes from now) shutdown –r now

29. Shutdown with The key combination is usually “trapped” and an action taken in the file /etc/inittab is executed. Here is a typical entry in the file: #Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE (a comment) ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown –t3 –r now Root can change this entry.

30. Some basics Linux is CASE SENSITIVE! The Linux text interface is not very intuitive. All you will see is a prompt showing your computer name and a path. A # prompt means that you are root. A $ prompt means that you are a regular user.

31. Changing from GUI boot to Text boot and back For those who didn’t follow directions. You must edit the /etc/inittab file View the file with more /etc/inittab On the first page you will see some comments (begin with #) and then id:5:initdefault (level 5 is the GUI) change it to id:3:initdefault using a text editing program. (level 3 is the text interface) Caution!!! Use values of 1,2,3,5 ONLY !!!

32. Where is the floppy? It is hiding or asleep Where is the CD ROM? It is also hiding or asleep

33. By The Way The disk, not the drive is the device! Each device needs to be mounted before being accessible to the system. Mount is a built in function

34. mount All files accessible in Unix are arranged in a single large tree structure rooted at / mount will attach the file system on a device to this tree. umount will detach it again mount –t type device dir is the generic form of the command

35. Mounting devices

36. Using mount for the CD Some device labels are defined at bootup. type more /etc/fstab for labels defined at bootup) (RH6.0) mount -t is09660 -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom (RH 7.1) mount /dev/cdrom (to /mnt/cdrom is assumed

37. Mounting a Floppy Disk (RH 6.0) mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy (RH 7.1) mount /dev/fd0 ( to /mnt/floppy is assumed)

38. Using mount alone The mount command with no parameters shows all mounted devices /dev/hda6 on / type ext 2 (rw) /dev/hda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw) /dev/hdb5 on /tmp type ext2 (rw) /dev/hdc on /mnt/cdrom type iso9660 (…) etc

39. umount umount /mnt/floppy dismounts the floppy disk umount /mnt/cdrom dismounts the CD Note: When removable media such as a CD is mounted, the eject function of the drive is disabled until the device is un-mounted. This is NOT true for floppy disks and ejecting them without invoking umount can cause logical problems! The system thinks that the disk is still available. Data may be lost.

40. Creating a boot floppy Note: This is not a boot loader. It is a boot floppy for an already installed system. This is useful if the MBR of the hard drive becomes corrupted or you choose not to install LILO on your hard disk. It is also useful if you are testing a new kernel

41. RH7.1 Creating a Boot Floppy Log in to the shell as root. If your prompt is $ then you are not root Type uname –r - This will display the kernel version. (ex: 2.4.x-yy) Note it. Type mkbootdisk –device /dev/fd0 2.4.x-yy (your kernel) and Note: Two dashes before device

42. RH6.0 Creating a Boot Floppy Find vmlinuz (the kernel file) (should be on /boot) Type find / -name vmlinuz* Write it down Create file system on floppy Type mkfs –t ext2 /dev/fd0 1440 Low level format the floppy Type fdformat /dev/fd0 Make it bootable dd if=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.5-15 of=/dev/fd0 use the kernel name found in step one (Also see text pg 285)

43. Copying a floppy disk The dd command can copy an entire disk to an identical disk. The destination disk must be formatted first. Copy the contents of the floppy to a file dd if=/dev/fd0 > floppy.copy (or of= floppy.copy) Swap disks and copy the file to the new disk dd if=./floppy.copy of=/dev/fd0 (see text pg 287)

44. Conclusion This Chapter Got Us Started by Loading the System and Giving Us a Quick Overview of the Seemingly Complex Nature of Linux. In the Next Chapter We Will Start to Learn Some of the Secret Incantations That Make the OS Do Our Bidding.