1. Interactions with the nvironment Part II Human Interactions with the nvironment Part II Jessica McParlane FW 485 1 April 2009 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/115-3/sphereshead.jpg http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/pictures/environment.gif

2. Outline Understand water pollution and methods of controlling them Understand water pollution and methods of controlling them Types Types Sources Sources Effects Effects Methods and technologies used to control land and water pollution Methods and technologies used to control land and water pollution Preventing and Reducing, Controlling Preventing and Reducing, Controlling http://www.asgreenas.com/images/environment.gif

3. Outline Continued… Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management EPA EPA Clean Water Act Clean Water Act National Pollution Discharge Elimination System National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Total Maximum Daily Load Total Maximum Daily Load USDA USDA Nonpoint Source Program Nonpoint Source Program Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management DEQ DEQ http://www.wolfpackpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/environment.jpg

4. Outline Continued… Identify government agencies responsible for the protection and management of the environment and wildlife Identify government agencies responsible for the protection and management of the environment and wildlife Endangered Species Act Endangered Species Act U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service DEQ DEQ Understand the Principles of Sustainable societies Understand the Principles of Sustainable societies What a more sustainable city looks like/includes What a more sustainable city looks like/includes Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in water Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in water Article 19: How Much is Clean Water Worth Article 19: How Much is Clean Water Worth Questions? Questions? http://verdavivo.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/environment.jpg

5. Understand water pollution and methods of controlling them

6. Types Surface Runoff Surface Runoff Oceans Oceans Lakes Lakes Rivers Rivers Urban Runoff Urban Runoff Streets Streets Yards Yards Driveways Driveways Storm Water Runoff Storm Water Runoff Groundwater Groundwater Aquifers Drinking water Microbiological Microbiological Cholera Bacteria Viruses Protozoa

7. Types Continued… Oxygen Depletion Oxygen Depletion More biodegradable matter= increase in microorganisms= using more oxygen More biodegradable matter= increase in microorganisms= using more oxygen Microorganisms produce ammonia and sulfides Microorganisms produce ammonia and sulfides Nutrients Nutrients Excess weed and algae growth Excess weed and algae growth Wastewater Wastewater Fertilizers Fertilizers Cultural Eutrophication Cultural Eutrophication Suspended Matter Suspended Matter Particulate matter- thick silt layer Biodegradable- increasing the number of anaerobic microorganisms Toxic chemicals Chemical Chemical Metals and Solvents Pesticides Petroleum-oil spills

8. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/earth/environment/water-pollution.jpg

9. Sources Point Pollution Point Pollution Single source Single source Easy to identify, monitor and regulate Easy to identify, monitor and regulate Non-Point Pollution Non-Point Pollution Many sources Many sources Hard to identify, control and expensive to identify and control Hard to identify, control and expensive to identify and control www.madmermaids.com/water_pollution_karma.html

10. http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/water-pollution/figures-and-maps/sources-of-pollution/image_preview Sources of Pollution with Nitrogen

11. http://www.nutrition4health.org/NOHAnews/Images/GroundWaterPollute.jpg http://tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:dXcWwV5HIkEesM:http://www.nutrition4health.org/NOHAnews/Images/WaterPollutionSources.jpg

12. Sources Eutrophication (cultural)-too much nutrients= algal blooms Eutrophication (cultural)-too much nutrients= algal blooms Sewage and Wastewater Sewage and Wastewater INDUSTRIAL WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE Oil pollution Oil pollution Atmospheric deposition-(pollution of water caused by air pollution) Atmospheric deposition-(pollution of water caused by air pollution) Marine Dumping Radioactive Waste Underground Storage Leakages Global warming Fertilizers/pesticides AGRICULTURAL Thermal pollution envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/new... Here are some examples. What type of pollution are they? Are they point or non-point pollution?

13. Effects “Pollutants are harmful to both humans and animals “Pollutants are harmful to both humans and animals May not effect us instantly, though if exposed to them over a long period of time they will cause major harm to our health May not effect us instantly, though if exposed to them over a long period of time they will cause major harm to our health Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth defects and some are carcinogenic. Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth defects and some are carcinogenic. Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning. Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning. Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.” Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.” http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

14. Effects continued… “Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column. This causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms. “Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column. This causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms. Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, and can result in mortality. Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, and can result in mortality. Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for marine life. Suspended particles can often reduce the amount of sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms. Poor drinking water” Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for marine life. Suspended particles can often reduce the amount of sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms. Poor drinking water” Organisms that have toxins bioaccumulated in them Organisms that have toxins bioaccumulated in them Unbalanced river and lake ecosystems Unbalanced river and lake ecosystems Acid rain Acid rain http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

15. Methods and technologies used to control land and water pollution there are three stages which raw sewage goes through in a water treatment plant. Industrial Treatment: there are three stages which raw sewage goes through in a water treatment plant. 1. Primary stage where solids and inorganic materials are removed through filters. 1. Primary stage where solids and inorganic materials are removed through filters. 2. Secondary stage where organic material is reduced through biological filters. 2. Secondary stage where organic material is reduced through biological filters. 3. Tertiary stage where chemicals are added which help to get rid of other impurities. 3. Tertiary stage where chemicals are added which help to get rid of other impurities.

16. http://sustainabilityfund.gc.ca/68D63344-1908-4975-85C8-5CEA750EA8AD/fig3-e.gif

17. Methods and technologies used to control land and water pollution continued… Septic Tanks Septic Tanks For sewage from individual buildings, For sewage from individual buildings, Solid particles sink to the bottom and soap and lighter particles rise to the top. Solid particles sink to the bottom and soap and lighter particles rise to the top. Biological processes filter the wastewater Biological processes filter the wastewater The liquid then flows out and the solids break down further The liquid then flows out and the solids break down further

18. Methods and technologies used to control land and water pollution continued… Denitrification is an ecological approach that can be used to prevent the leaching of nitrates in soil, this in turn stops any ground water from being contaminated with nutrients. Denitrification is an ecological approach that can be used to prevent the leaching of nitrates in soil, this in turn stops any ground water from being contaminated with nutrients. Fertilizers contain nitrogen, and are often applied to crops by farmers to help plant growth and increase the yield. Fertilizers contain nitrogen, and are often applied to crops by farmers to help plant growth and increase the yield. Bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen in the fertilizer to nitrates, making it easier for the plants to absorb. Bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen in the fertilizer to nitrates, making it easier for the plants to absorb. Immobilization is a process where the nitrates become part of the soil organic matter. Immobilization is a process where the nitrates become part of the soil organic matter. When oxygen levels are low, another form of bacteria then turns the nitrates into gases such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide. When oxygen levels are low, another form of bacteria then turns the nitrates into gases such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The conversion of these nitrates into gas is called denitrification. This prevents nitrates from leaching into the soil and contaminating groundwater. The conversion of these nitrates into gas is called denitrification. This prevents nitrates from leaching into the soil and contaminating groundwater.

19. Preventing and Reducing, Controlling Turn off running water when not using it, such as brushing your teeth Turn off running water when not using it, such as brushing your teeth Do not put paints, oils, pharmaceuticals or other potentially harmful things down drains Do not put paints, oils, pharmaceuticals or other potentially harmful things down drains Use environmentally friendly detergents, and other cleaning agents and toiletries Use environmentally friendly detergents, and other cleaning agents and toiletries Do not overuse fertilizers and pesticides Do not overuse fertilizers and pesticides Plant more flowers, trees, etc… in your garden Plant more flowers, trees, etc… in your garden Dispose of your trash and litter responsibly Dispose of your trash and litter responsibly Recycle Recycle Try to avoid heavily packages items Try to avoid heavily packages items Walk or bike instead of drive Walk or bike instead of drive http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html

20. Identify U.S. federal laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management

21. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Water Act, 1972 Clean Water Act, 1972 Regulates both pollution discharges and quality standards for surface waters Regulates both pollution discharges and quality standards for surface waters The basis of CWA was the 1948 Federal Water Pollution Control Act The basis of CWA was the 1948 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Wastewater standards for industries and water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters Wastewater standards for industries and water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls discharges National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls discharges Industrial, municipal, animal feeding operations and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters Industrial, municipal, animal feeding operations and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters The Total Maximum Daily Load provisions of the Clean Water Act help protect the quality of the surface-water resources. The Total Maximum Daily Load provisions of the Clean Water Act help protect the quality of the surface-water resources. http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cwa.html

22.  “The Nonpoint Source Program (Section 319) requires States to develop nonpoint-source management programs. Nonpoint-source control plans can include State regulatory measures, but usually emphasize voluntary actions like those used in USDA conservation programs. Implementation grants to States and tribes ($200 million in FY2008) fund projects like installation of best management practices (BMPs) for animal waste; design and implementation of BMP systems for stream, lake, and estuary watersheds; and basinwide landowner education programs.” http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgAndEnvironment/federallaws.htm

23. Coastal Zone Management Act Reauthorization Amendments In 1990, they added nonpoint-source water pollution requirements to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. In 1990, they added nonpoint-source water pollution requirements to the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Required each state to come up with a plan to restore coasts and to further protect the coasts from future pollution. Required each state to come up with a plan to restore coasts and to further protect the coasts from future pollution. 34 coastal states have developed non- point source pollution control plans. 34 coastal states have developed non- point source pollution control plans.

24. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 Requires EPA to set standards for drinking water and water treatment standards Requires EPA to set standards for drinking water and water treatment standards States are to identify potential threats of water contamination and work on prevention practices States are to identify potential threats of water contamination and work on prevention practices One out of every five people lack access to safe drinking water- One out of every five people lack access to safe drinking water- Living in the Environment, Miller, 14th edition http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgAndEnvironment/federallaws.htm

25. Identify Michigan laws, regulations, and policies to environmental protection and management

26. Similar to EPA Similar to EPA “Department of Environmental Quality Water Programs establish water quality standards, assess water quality, provide regulatory oversight for all public water supplies, issue permits to regulate the discharge of industrial and municipal wastewaters, monitor State Water resources for water quality, the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat, the health of aquatic communities, and compliance with state laws.” “Department of Environmental Quality Water Programs establish water quality standards, assess water quality, provide regulatory oversight for all public water supplies, issue permits to regulate the discharge of industrial and municipal wastewaters, monitor State Water resources for water quality, the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat, the health of aquatic communities, and compliance with state laws.” http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313---,00.html

27. Identify government agencies responsible for the protection and management of the environment and wildlife

28. Endangered Species Act of 1973 Preserves the habitats where listed endangered and threatened species live Preserves the habitats where listed endangered and threatened species live Regulates any modification or preservation of endangered species habitats Regulates any modification or preservation of endangered species habitats

29. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “Our mission is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.” “Our mission is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.” http://www.fws.gov/policy/npi99_01.html

30. Understand the Principles of Sustainable societies http://www.tetrapak.com/us/environment/PublishingImages/1.0_Environment.jpg

31. What a more sustainable city looks like/includes A more environmentally sustainable city, called an ecocity or a green city, emphasizes: A more environmentally sustainable city, called an ecocity or a green city, emphasizes: Preventing pollution and reducing waste Preventing pollution and reducing waste Using energy and matter resources efficiently Using energy and matter resources efficiently Recycling and reusing at least 60% of all municipal solid waste Recycling and reusing at least 60% of all municipal solid waste Using solar and other locally available renewable energy resources Using solar and other locally available renewable energy resources Protecting and encouraging biodiversity by preserving surrounding land and protecting and reserving natural systems and wetlands within urban areas Protecting and encouraging biodiversity by preserving surrounding land and protecting and reserving natural systems and wetlands within urban areas Promoting urban gardens and farm markets Promoting urban gardens and farm markets Promoting green design of buildings, including green roofs Promoting green design of buildings, including green roofs Using solar-powered living machines and wetlands to treat sewage Using solar-powered living machines and wetlands to treat sewage Living in the Environment, Miller, 14th edition http://www.ke.undp.org/environment.JPG http://www.abis.com.au/files/u2/environment.jpg

32. Different items take different lengths of time to degrade in water: Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to degrade. Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to degrade. Newspaper – Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Newspaper – Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Photodegradable packaging – Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Photodegradable packaging – Takes 6 weeks to degrade. Foam – Takes 50 years to degrade. Foam – Takes 50 years to degrade. Styrofoam – Takes 80 years to degrade. Styrofoam – Takes 80 years to degrade. Aluminum – Takes 200 years to degrade. Aluminum – Takes 200 years to degrade. Plastic packaging – Takes 400 years to degrade. Plastic packaging – Takes 400 years to degrade. Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t know the exact time. Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t know the exact time. http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/oxygendepleting.html http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/vsh0796l.jpg

33. Article 19: How Much is Clean Water Worth? From when this article was written to now, how much do you think peoples viewpoints have changed in regards to ecosystem services, if at all? From when this article was written to now, how much do you think peoples viewpoints have changed in regards to ecosystem services, if at all? “Although ecosystem services have been with us for millennia the scale of human activity is now sufficiently great that we can no longer take their continuation for granted (Heal, How Much is Clean Water Worth?).” “Although ecosystem services have been with us for millennia the scale of human activity is now sufficiently great that we can no longer take their continuation for granted (Heal, How Much is Clean Water Worth?).” http://funnytogo.com/pictures/pollution/water/fish.gif

34. Any Questions? http://fc44.deviantart.com/fs18/f/2007/217/0/7/Save_The_Environment___test_by_Luis_Felipe.jpg