1. Crime Analysis For Crime Prevention National Crime Prevention Association 2345 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202 202-261-4153 FAX 202-296-1356 pharris@ncpc.org www.ncpc.org/ncpa

2. Public Safety Priorities Name Your Top 2 Rank Crime Rates_____ Crime Clearance Rates_____ Service Call Volume_____ Service Call Response Time_____ Citizen Support/Satisfaction_____ Other _______________________________

3. Law Enforcement Data What data does your department collect? Who collects the data? Who uses it? How is it used? How do you use it?

4. Why Analyze Crime Data? To help develop a better understanding of the nature crime and disorder. To produce greater community safety and security. To evaluate the effectiveness of crime fighting programs.

5. . 1. To assist in making Tactical Decisions By identifying and responding to immediate crime problems. Purposes of Analyzing Crime Data

6. 2. To assist in gathering Criminal Intelligence By gathering information about criminal activity to prevent or solve crime. Graffiti www.a2planet.com/guide/work/index-revc.html Single Adult Travel21orover.com Illegal Sexual Activity cruisingforsex.com Purposes of Analyzing Crime Data

7. 3. To assist in making Strategic Decisions By Identifying & responding to historical crime trends. Purposes of Analyzing Crime Data Monthly Burglary Trends

8. 4. To assist in making Administrative Decisions By developing goals, policies and justification for budgets and resource allocation. Purposes of Analyzing Crime Data AmountPercent City Aid $126,654,314 60% County Aid $76,408,38734% Town Aid $12,728,747 6% TOTAL AID$215,791,448 100% 599 Funding

9. DCJS - 599 Funds How crime and related data are used. 599 Funding

10. DCJS - 599 Funds The Code of Virginia §9.1-165 authorizes financial assistance to localities with police departments through the "599" program. 40 cities, 9 counties and 126 towns receive "599" funds. Money is allocated based on a formula developed by the Department of Criminal Justice Services, which uses population, crime rates, and social services rates.

11. DCJS 599 Funds - Cities Alexandria$6,733,694 Charlottesville$2,518,853 Hampton$8,164,108 Harrisonburg$1,637,925 Newport News$10,940,765 Richmond$17,388,383 Roanoke$6,682,276 Virginia Beach$13,686,769

12. DCJS 599 Funds - Counties Albemarle Co$2,513,773 Arlington Co$7,696,281 Chesterfield Co$9,334,677 Fairfax Co$29,699,707 Henrico Co$10,671,449 James City Co$1,652,591 Prince George Co$1,096,014 Prince William Co$11,498,859 Roanoke Co$2,245,035

13. 599 Funding - DCJS Risk Factors Violent Crime Offenses Population Population per 100,000 sq meters of land % of Labor Force Unemployed % Age 16+ Unemployed or Not in Labor Force Median Income for Families with Children Males Released from Prison per 10,000 Males % of Children Under Age 18 Living in Poverty % of Students Receiving Free /Reduced-Price Lunch

14. 599 Funding - DCJS Risk Factors % of Kindergartners Requiring Early Intervention Reading Initiative % of Third Graders Failing English SOL % of Students Failing to Graduate on Time % of Students Dropping Out of School Violent & Threatening School Incidents/1,000 Students % of Population 25+ Not High School Graduates Births to Mothers with No High School Diploma

15. 599 Funding - DCJS Risk Factors Births to Unmarried Mothers, % of All Live Births Low Birth Weight Babies, as a % of All Live Births Teen Pregnancy, Rate / 1,000 Females Age 10-19 Children in Foster Care, Rate per 1,000 Founded Reports of Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect, Rate / 10,000 Lead Poisoning Children Under 15, Rate/10,000 Asthma Hospitalizations Children Under 6, Rate / 100,000

16. Data Analysis Process Step 1: Assess Overall Conditions Determines overall risk. Step 2: Draw Conclusions Understand what the data means. Step 3: Analyze the Problems Recognize trends and patterns Step 4: Respond to the Problems Begins the process of developing solutions.

17. Describe a serious crime problem in your community? Where is it located? What types of crime take place there? What is the public's perception of the site? What are the negative impacts on the community? What can be done about it? Crime in Your Community

18. Primary Official Crime Data Sources Uniform Crime Report - UCR Federal Bureau of Investigation National Crime Victimization Survey Bureau of Justice Statistics

19. Uniform Crime Report - FBI The UCR Program began in 1930. Began as and is still a voluntary program. In Virginia and other states crime reporting is mandatory and is managed by the State Police or Bureau of Investigation.

20. National Crime Trends Crimes per 100,000 persons Property Total Crime Violent

21. Uniform Crime Report - VA

22. Property Crime Burglary Larceny Auto Theft Arson Violent Crime Murder Rape Robbery Assault Uniform Crime Reports Index or Part I Crimes

23. Calculating Crime Rates Crimes Divided by Population Multiplied by 100,000 Equals the Crime Rate

24. Crime Rate Example: Which city is Safer? New York 1,946 murders New Orleans 395 murders Richmond 112 murders

25. Crime Rate Example: Which city is Safer? New York 1,946 murders / 7,347,257 X 100,000 = 26.5 New Orleans 395 murders / 491,619 X 100,000 = 80.3 Richmond 112 murders / 205,331 X 100,000 = 54.5

26. Crime in Your Community You’re at a community meeting to talk about a recent rash of crimes. A reporter with the local newspaper is there and asks you this question. What is the crime rate for the community? What is your response?

27. Type Location Month, Day & Time of Day Victims Victim Characteristics Offender Characteristics Circumstance Disposition Data Reveals Problems by...... Uniform Crime Reports

28. Uniform Crime Reporting Problems Weaknesses  Voluntary system in most states  Police control the reporting  Many crimes are not reported to the police  Summary based system lacking detail

29. Uniform Crime Reporting Problems Schools Domestic Violence Public Housing Car Jacking New Problems ?

30. Crime Reporting IBR Incident Based Reporting Intended to correct shortcomings of the Uniform Crime Reporting System

31. Benefits of IBR Reporting greater specificity in reporting more correlation between offenses, property, victims, offenders and arrestees expanded victim/offender relationships distinction between attempted and completed crimes increased reporting of various circumstances relative to specific crimes

32. Murder Negligent Manslaughter Justifiable Homicide Kidnapping Forcible Rape Forcible Sodomy Sexual Assault with Object Forcible Fondling (Child) Robbery Aggravated Assault Simple Assault Intimidation Arson Extortion/Blackmail Burglary/B & E Pocket-Picking Purse-Snatching Shoplifting Theft from Building Theft from Coin-Operated Machine or Device Theft from Motor Vehicle Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts All Other Thefts Motor Vehicle Theft Counterfeiting/Forgery False Pretenses/Swindle Credit Card/Teller Fraud Impersonation Welfare Fraud Wire Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Offenses Damage/Vandalism of Property Drug/Narcotic Violations Drug Equipment Violations Incest Statutory Rape Pornography/Obscene Material Betting/Wagering Assisting Gambling Gambling Equipment Violations Sports Tampering Prostitution Assisting Prostitution Bribery Weapon Law Violations IBR Part A Crimes

33. Bad Checks Curfew/Loitering/Vagrancy Violations Disorderly Conduct Driving Under the Influence Drunkenness Family Offenses - Nonviolent Liquor Law Violations Peeping Tom Runaway Trespass of Real Property All Other Offenses Parole and probation violations Escape from custody/resisting arrest Contempt of court, perjury, court violations Indecent exposure Fighting IBR Part B Crimes

34. Neighborhood Watch Does Neighborhood Watch Prevent Crime? Especially Burglary What does the IBR data say?

35. VA Burglary Prevention Data - IBR 147,225 Burglaries 2002 to 2006 Total % of Total Prevention Measure Alarm 7,4795.1% Bars/Grate 4460.3% Camera 1,6861.1% Dog 7960.5% Dead Bolt 9,0826.2% Locked 47,111 32.0% Unlocked 9,4356.4% Lights 2,1861.5% Fence 1,0170.7% Guard 4130.3% Neighborhood Watch 820.1% Other 9490.6% None 4,1649.6%

36. Burglary Trends Burglaries per 100,000 persons U.S. VA

37. National Crime Victimization Survey Began in 1972, in part to measure crime not reported to the police and to gather more detailed information about crime. Measures the number of rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries and thefts that individuals and households have experienced. Census Bureau surveys about 60,000 households annually

38. National Crime Victimization Survey Collects information about reported and unreported crime. Collects more detail about each crime - injuries, time lost from work, protection measures used and much more. Provides another process for measuring crime.

39. National Crime Victimization Survey

41. Some drawbacks: Victims may not be familiar with crime definitions, i.e., a burglary vs a robbery. Victims may have problems recalling crime victimizations. Problems with how the questions are worded. Cant’ be used as a substitute for locally reported crime data.

42. Other Useful Information Police Service Calls Arrests Field Interrogation Cards Code Violations Maintenance Logs Community Demographics

43. Other Assaults Forgery and Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Vandalism Weapons: Possessing, etc. Prostitution and Commercialized Vice Narcotic Drug Laws: Sale/Manufacture Gambling Offenses Against Family/Children Liquor Laws Public Drunkenness Disorderly Conduct Curfew and Loitering Runaways Fights Disorderliness Loud noise Abandoned child Unsupervised child Domestic quarrel Man with a Gun Shots fired Man down Missing Person Fire Trespassing Person Refuses to Leave Death See Complainant for info Threats Found or Lost Property Abandoned Vehicle Police Service Calls

44. Do a significant number of your service calls originate from a small number of locations? Police Service Calls

45. Police Service Calls - Minneapolis 85/86 Locations with Multiple Service Calls

46. Burglar Alarm Calls Burglar alarms generate a significant number of police service calls - between 94% and 98%, are false. False alarms typically result from poor maintenance or a lack of awareness about the operation of the alarm system. One study found that 20% of the alarm systems trigger 80% of false alarms. False Burglar Alarms, 2nd Edition, March 2007 COPS Office, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series, No. 5 www.cops.usdoj.gov/ric/ResourceDetail.aspx?RID=89

47. Crime Prevention - Reducing Service Calls A crime prevention officer can work with apartment managers to revise leases and property management practices that have been shown to reduce crime and police service calls. In a three year period, the Mesa Police Department in Arizona reduced police service calls by 37%, and police reports by 48% in 21 apartment communities.

48. Illegal Night Club Promoted Illegal Graffiti Illegal rooming house Illegal alcohol sales Unsafe structure Imminent danger to life 3 days from complaint to condemnation Code Enforcement 120 W. Marshall Street Code Enforcement

49. 1,000 complaints handled 500 properties inspected Made over 300 arrests 1,800 violations cited Conducted several multi- agency operations $30,000 in fines Initiated collection of $1,447,934 in Business Taxes Initiated collection of over $300,000 in Property Tax Seized $600,000.00 in counterfeit goods 96% abatement rate Code Enforcement Data Code Enforcement - Richmond, VA

50. Federal Sources - NIOSH The leading cause of death of women in the workplace is murder. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Women Working 1940 - 25% 1950 - 34% 1960 - 38% 1970 - 43% 1980 - 52% 1990 - 58% 1998 - 60% 2007 - 59%

51. Other Sources for Crime Information School Reports Hospital Emergency Room Admissions Public Opinion Polls Insurance Industry: Auto Theft and Arson Special Interest Groups: Handgun Control - NRA Industry Groups: convenience stores, shopping malls Rumor and Gossip

52. Perceptions of Crime - Gallop Poll Is there more crime in the US than there was a year ago?

53. Public Opinion - School Safety

54. Industry Groups - Media Watchers http://www.bigmedia.org/texts8.htm Rocky Mountain Media Watch Over the last five years, almost half the news each night concerns violent topics like crime, war, disaster and terrorism. American Bar Association TV coverage of Murder increased 439% from 1990 to 1995, while the Murder rate drop that period dropped 13%.

55. Crime & Wal-Mart: “Is Wal-Mart Safe?” Analysis of Official Police Incidents at Wal-Mart Stores May 1, 2006: WakeUpWalMart.com Police received 148, 331 calls for service for the 551 Wal-Mart stores analyzed in 2004. Average number of reported incidents per store for the 551 stores analyzed - 269 Wal-Mart stores with the most incidents in 2004, experienced higher average rates of reported police incidents than nearby Target stores.

56. Crime & Wal-Mart: “Is Wal-Mart Safe?” Analysis of Official Police Incidents at Wal-Mart Stores May 1, 2006: WakeUpWalMart.com Based on the average rate of reported incidents for Wal-Mart stores analyzed, the cost to local taxpayers was an estimated $77 million in policing costs in 2004.

57. Insurance Industry - Auto Theft 1. 1996 Honda Accord 2. 2000 Honda Civic 3. 1995 Jeep Cherokee 4. 1996 Dodge Caravan 5. 1997 Ford Tarus 6. 2002 Ford Explorer 7. 2007 Toyota Camry 8. 1995 F-150 Ford Pickup 9. 1998 Toyota Corolla 10. 2006 Nissan Altima National Insurance Crime Bureau 10 most common stolen autos in Virginia - 2007

58. http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/Resource/StoreOperations Industry Groups - Convenience Stores http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/Resource/StoreOperations The National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS) gasoline drive off theft cost their industry $300 million in 2005, an average loss of $2,678 per store.

59. Impact of Business Practices New development is abundant in Lower Manhattan, and buyers are counting on TriBeCa and the Financial District's ability to transition from a 9-to-5 neighborhood to a vibrant 24-hour one. August 2008 What’s the impact on law enforcement and crime prevention services?

60. Using Crime and Related Data to Explore Crime and Other Public Safety Issues Crime Analysis

61. Handguns in the Home - Gallup Poll

62. Handgun Violence Prior to 1990, 80% of the handguns manufactured in this country were revolvers - typically six shots. Today over, 80% of the handguns manufactured are semi-automatic, from 12 to 19 shots.

63. Domestic Pistol & Revolver Production United States 1980 - 1998 Revolver FBI Murders Crack Source: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Pistol (Semi-auto)

64. Quemadmodum gladius neminem occidit, occidentis telum est. Weapons and Violence “A sword never kills anybody; it is a tool in the killer's hand.” Seneca the Younger: Letters to Lucilius (first century Rome)

65. Larceny from Autos Global Recycling Network Catalytic Converters Scrap Exchange Listings WANTED : LW801241 Catalytic Convertor Scrap Illinois and NW Indiana I am buying your catalytic convertors at top dollar between $10 - $320 each. We also buy scrap aluminum and copper Will pick up within 60 mile radius Cash paid. Located in Lynwood Illinois and Schererville Indiana.

66. Price of Silver Per Ounce Value Adjusted for Inflation 2008 Actual Value $55 $21 $15

67. Silver Value of $10,000 How many pounds would you need to steal in 2008 dollars? 32 lbs 63 lbs 125 lbs 21 lbs 16 lbs 13lbs

68. Precious Metal Prices July 1, 2008 Platinum$2,075 /oz Gold$940 /oz Silver$17.50 /oz Copper$3.49 /lb

69. Burglary Predictor Month - June 8.1% Burglary in Virginia 1975 - 1989 Red 1990 - 2005 Yellow

70. Robbery Predictor Month - June 7.3% Robbery in Virginia 1975 - 1989 Red 1990 - 2005 Yellow

71. Auto Theft Predictor Month - ?? Auto Theft in Virginia 1975 - 1989 Red 1990 - 2005 Yellow

72. Criminal Assets Forfeited in Virginia Program Totals (since July 1, 1991) Items Seized42,232 Cars Seized9,210 Money Seized $69,782,828 Money Forfeited$52,701,225

73. Uses for Forfeited Assets Drug Education and Awareness Programs The costs associated with conducting drug education and awareness programs by law enforcement agencies. Salaries Salaries of officers assigned to non-traditional positions in approved specialized programs which do not generally involve traditional law enforcement functions such as DARE officers.

74. Felonious Deaths of Police Officers http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t31582005.pdf

75. Crime Prevention Works Soft Body Armor more than 3,000 lives saved An officer who is NOT wearing armor is 14 times more likely to suffer a fatal injury than an officer who is wearing armor. (National Institute of Justice)