1. The Greek City-States c.2000 B.C.- 404 B.C.

2. Sea and Land Geography of Greece
Short mountain ranges cut up the mainland
Mountains kept villages apart and allowed invaders from the North
Rivers are short
No large kingdoms led to formation of city-states

3. Early Greek Peoples Minoans Earliest Greek civilization
Palace and Homes of nobles had running water
Artists covered walls with frescoes
Minoans were sailors/traders
Crete King Minos

4. Early Greek Peoples The Mycenaean
Controlled Greece form 1600 BC to 1200 BC
Warring people that formed clans
Built fort like cities
Adopted the Minoan form of writing called Linear B

5. City States of Greece Covered a small area of land
Most were slaves/non citizens
Only free adult males had citizenship rights
Built forts on an acropolis
Each city state had an agora
Each polis form its own government and laws
Common Things
Spoke same language
Religious ideas, characteristics, and social patterns

6. Government and Society
Objectives:
Explain Importance of Homer’s Work
Identify major religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks
Describe changes that occurred in the governments of the Greek city states

7. Greek Culture
Traveling poets sang or recited folk songs, ballads, or epics
Homer- blind poet who wrote the epics Iliad and the Odyssey
Iliad tells of the Legend of the Trojan War
The Odyssey tells what happened after the Trojan war

8. Religious Beliefs 3 things for Religion
To explain nature, emotions that causes people to lose self-control, and certain benefits
Believed spirits went to gray, gloomy underworld ruled by Hades
Created Myths about gods, goddesses, and heroes
Oracles- where gods spoke through priests

9. Zeus King of gods God of the Sky and Rain
Weapon of choice is his coveted Thunderbolt

10. Athena
Protector of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

11. Apollo
God of light, music, and poetry

12. Dionysus
God of Fertility and Wine

13. Olympics
Greeks showed strength and bravery to the gods in athletic events
Olympic Games
Held every 4 years to honor Zeus
Only men competed
Foot races, javelin and disc throw, and wrestling
First games held in 776 B.C.

14. Greek Government City-state originated as small kingdoms
Aristocrats would eventually represent each noble city state
Greek city states that were controlled by nobles were known as Aristocracies
Acted as judges, determined the laws & punishment
Controlled religion

15. Greek Government Hoplite
Heavy infantry who carried long spears fought in close formations
Chariots and Calvary was no match for the Hoplites
Became important to the defense of the city-state

16. Greek Government Tyrants
Illegally took power but with people’s support
Ruled well, at first, then became unjust
Popular Government
People can and should rule themselves
Democracy
Government in which citizens take part
Full political rights to small part of population
Women and slaves lacked political rights

17. Sparta and Athens Objectives: Analyze the society of Sparta
Explain the development of democracy in Athens

18. Sparta: The Military Ideal
Helots- Conquered people of the Peloponnesus
Spartan Society
Equals- descendants of the invaders, controlled the city-state, and equal land among citizens.
Half-citizens- free, paid taxes, and served in the army but had no political power
Helots- slaves of the Spartans

19. Sparta Government Two Kings head of Government Council of Elders
One King led army
Other king took care of the home matters
Council of Elders
28 male citizens over the age of 60
Assembly of all males over 30 years old
Elected 5 ephors to make sure the King stayed within the law

20. Sparta Military Society
Every adult male was part of the military
Age 7
Lived in military barracks
Age 18-20
Trained for war
Age 20
Began military service
Remained available for military service until 60 years of age

21. Athens Society Citizens formed the top group Metics Slaves
Only Athenian born men had political rights
Metics
Non citizens, free, paid taxes
Could not take part in government
Slaves
People captured during war
Athenians considered slavery natural and necessary

22. Athens Government Only citizens who owned land held office
All adult males meet in assemblies
Elect 9 archons
Draco- created Athens 1st written law code around 621 B.C.

23. Athens Government Solon
Settled disputes between creditors and debtors
Outlawed slavery for debt
Solon divided all citizens into four groups based on wealth
Peisistratus
Ruled Athens as a tyrant from B.C.

24. Athens Democracy Cleisthenes Athens 10 tribes
Turned Athens into a democracy
Cleisthenes form of government is known as direct democracy
Athens 10 tribes
Each tribe chose 50 men to form Council of 500
Members served for 1 year and could not serve twice
Council proposed laws to assembly
Assembly had final authority

25. Daily Life in Athens Athenian Economy
Terracing helped farmers plant on hillsides
Colonies were established by Athenian farmers/workers
Spent money on public buildings
Set up colonies and traded goods in the Mediterranean Sea

26. Home and Family Lived in simple homes Marriages were arranged
Purpose of marriage was to have children
Women considered inferior
Could not own or inherit property
Boys cared for by a Pedagogue

27. Education and Military
Young Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics
Sophists taught older boys government, math, ethics and rhetoric
At 18, Athenian males received 1 year of military training

28. The Expansion of Greece
Objectives:
Explain how the Persian Wars began and what the results of those wars were
Analyze the effects of Pericles's leadership in Athens
Explain how the Peloponnesian War began and its result

29. The Persian Wars
Series of conflicts betweens Greece and Persia that lasted from 500 B.C. to 479 B.C.
Battle of Marathon
Athenians defeated the Persians, ending the Persian Wars
Battle of Thermopylae
300 Spartans fought bravely against the Persians
Give other Greek city-states time to prepare to fight

30. The Persian Wars Themistocles
Athenian leader who helped to defeat the Persian navy by tricking Xerxes at the Salamis Straight
Persian Navy was larger than the Greek
Greek ships were more maneuverable
This ended the Persian Wars

31. Results of the Persian War
Persian War unified the Greek city-states to protect themselves
Athenians rebuilt and created it own empire in the Aegean Sea
Delian League
Alliance of city-states with Athens as it leader
Included 140 city-states, each contributed money and ships
Sparta feared Helot rebellion and kept troops close to home

32. Age of Pericles 461 B.C.- 429 B.C. Leader of Athens
Great statesman and General
Built Parthenon and Acropolis
Athens reached its peak power and wealth
Made Athens the cultural and political capital of Greece

33. Athens Democracy
All male citizens, except the lower class, could hold public office
Office holders were paid a salary
Chosen by lot so that no one had an advantage

34. Strengthening of Athens
Established colonies in important or rebellious area
Used the Navy to keep the Persians out of the Aegean Sea
Used power of Athens to ensure prosperity and stability
Strengthen the Delian League
Forced city-states to join the league
Athens made all decision for the league

35. Peloponnesian War Between Sparta and Athens Reasons for War
Old rivalries
Athenian control of Delian League
Quarrels over trade
Young men eager to fight

36. Sparta vs Athens Sparta Has the stronger Army
Began the fighting by invading the Attic Peninsula in 431 B.C.
Forced the Athens to retreat behind the walls of Athens
Athens
Has the stronger Navy
Brought food into the city by ships in the Aegean Sea
Athens plague killed Pericles

37. Sparta vs. Athens War lasted 27 years
Punctuated by periods of truce and armed peace
Sparta joined forces with Persia to cut off the Athenian
Starving Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.
After War
Sparta attempted to control all of Greece
City-states continued to fight each other for years

38. Essay Question
Compare the social classes in Spartan society with those in the Athenian society.
Citizens in Athens and equals in Sparta were males who could vote and own property.
Metics in Athens and half citizens in Sparta were free and paid taxes but could not take part in government or own land.
Athens’s slaves and Sparta’s helots had no political rights