1. Section II: Greek City-States Rise to Power (Pages 106-111) This section is about: How Greek towns organized into city-states with different forms of government. How Sparta was governed by military leaders. How Spartan society emphasized military discipline. How Athens developed a limited democracy in which only free men could participate. How Sparta, Athens, and many other city-states united to defeat Persian invaders in the Persian Wars.

2. Before we start, we should look at the “Main Ideas” on page 106 Before we start, we should look at the “Main Ideas” on page 106 Lets also look at “Compare and Contrast” on the same page – but let’s change the last two words (ancient Greece) to “the United States.” Lets also look at “Compare and Contrast” on the same page – but let’s change the last two words (ancient Greece) to “the United States.”

3. Greek City-States Greek City-States Greek towns organized themselves into “city-states” – which they called a “polis.” Greek towns organized themselves into “city-states” – which they called a “polis.” Each had between a few hundred and a few thousand people. Each had between a few hundred and a few thousand people. It was usually as big as a city and the area around it (about like our towns/cities and their suburbs now). It was usually as big as a city and the area around it (about like our towns/cities and their suburbs now). They usually had a fortress on the top – called an acropolis (highest point). They usually had a fortress on the top – called an acropolis (highest point). It was for protection from attacks, but was also the center of their government and their religion. It was for protection from attacks, but was also the center of their government and their religion.

4. Below the acropolis: the main part of the city – with a public square and a marketplace for farmers, shopkeepers and politicians. Below the acropolis: the main part of the city – with a public square and a marketplace for farmers, shopkeepers and politicians. There were several city- states in Greece. There were several city- states in Greece. Being a citizen of a city- states was important – along with the responsibilities and duties of being a citizen. Being a citizen of a city- states was important – along with the responsibilities and duties of being a citizen. Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet – and later their language (they thought if you didn’t speak Greek, you were a “barbarian).” Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet – and later their language (they thought if you didn’t speak Greek, you were a “barbarian).”

5. City-State Government Each polis tried to set up it’s own government. Each polis tried to set up it’s own government. Citizen-soldiers would defend their city-states if the needed to. Citizen-soldiers would defend their city-states if the needed to. They fought in a “phalanx” with helmets, body armor, spears, and swords (bronze). They fought in a “phalanx” with helmets, body armor, spears, and swords (bronze). It was expensive for all their equipment, so only wealthy people (or their slaves) could be soldiers. It was expensive for all their equipment, so only wealthy people (or their slaves) could be soldiers.

6. Wealthy landowners began to demand some form of power Some city-states became aristocracies – run by a small, wealthy group. Some city-states became aristocracies – run by a small, wealthy group. Wealthy nobles and businessmen also wanted some power and formed oligarchies (small powerful group in control – “the rule of a few”) Wealthy nobles and businessmen also wanted some power and formed oligarchies (small powerful group in control – “the rule of a few”) Athens and Sparta end up becoming two of Greece’s most powerful and most famous city- states Athens and Sparta end up becoming two of Greece’s most powerful and most famous city- states

7. Sparta By 700 BC, Sparta had conquered many of it’s neighbors. By 700 BC, Sparta had conquered many of it’s neighbors. There were even more conquered people in Sparta than there were Spartans. There were even more conquered people in Sparta than there were Spartans. To control them, they developed a very military lifestyle. To control them, they developed a very military lifestyle. Very little individual freedoms, family life, the arts, luxuries. Very little individual freedoms, family life, the arts, luxuries. Today – if you live a “Spartan life” – you live with very few (or no) luxuries. Today – if you live a “Spartan life” – you live with very few (or no) luxuries.

8. Sparta Sparta Governed by 2 military leaders/kings. Governed by 2 military leaders/kings. Had a 28 member council of elders (men over 60). Had a 28 member council of elders (men over 60). The chose issues to be presented to “the assembly.” The chose issues to be presented to “the assembly.” The Assembly was made up of any free male over 30. The Assembly was made up of any free male over 30. The Assembly had 5 overseers (ephors) who gave advice to the kings (who had to “consider” the advice). The Assembly had 5 overseers (ephors) who gave advice to the kings (who had to “consider” the advice). Ephors were also responsible for the education of Sparta youth. Ephors were also responsible for the education of Sparta youth.

9. Sparta was all about military They were all about producing soldiers and keeping them in shape. They were all about producing soldiers and keeping them in shape. When boys were 7 they were sent to live in “barracks” to start to train to be soldiers. When boys were 7 they were sent to live in “barracks” to start to train to be soldiers. They were under-fed and only given 1 pair of light clothes (to toughen them up). They were under-fed and only given 1 pair of light clothes (to toughen them up). They lived there until they were 30. Then, they could live at home (even though they ate each day with all the other soldiers). They lived there until they were 30. Then, they could live at home (even though they ate each day with all the other soldiers). When they were 30, they could vote. When they were 30, they could vote. They were available to fight until they were 60. They were available to fight until they were 60. Boys were told: “come home with your shield or on it.” Boys were told: “come home with your shield or on it.”

10. Spartan Women Had more rights than other Greek women. Had more rights than other Greek women. They could inherit land. They could inherit land. Women often controlled property after their husbands were killed while fighting). Women often controlled property after their husbands were killed while fighting). They were encouraged to exercise and keep physically fit (so they could have strong, healthy babies). They were encouraged to exercise and keep physically fit (so they could have strong, healthy babies). Girls were taught to run, wrestle, and throw a spear. Girls were taught to run, wrestle, and throw a spear. They also got to go to school a little. They also got to go to school a little. Sparta (History Channel)

11. Athens Athens Athens grew quickly (around 750 BC). Athens grew quickly (around 750 BC). They had some tyrants (unfair rulers) who tried to gain power, but Draco was appointed to establish new rules and laws (even though he came up with unpopular and harsh laws). They had some tyrants (unfair rulers) who tried to gain power, but Draco was appointed to establish new rules and laws (even though he came up with unpopular and harsh laws). Death was a penalty for most crimes (even smaller ones). Death was a penalty for most crimes (even smaller ones). It was pretty much a military state (government where the police/military are in charge). It was pretty much a military state (government where the police/military are in charge).

12. Reforms and a Limited Democracy When they almost had a civil war, Solon was given authority to write new laws. When they almost had a civil war, Solon was given authority to write new laws. He tried to balance power between rich and poor (it used to be if you couldn’t re-pay someone, you became their slave). He tried to balance power between rich and poor (it used to be if you couldn’t re-pay someone, you became their slave). He gave citizenship to some foreigners – to attract more business to Athens. He gave citizenship to some foreigners – to attract more business to Athens. He came up with an idea to have a council of 500 citizens to propose laws to the assembly (free male citizens). He came up with an idea to have a council of 500 citizens to propose laws to the assembly (free male citizens). This is probably the first legislature (law making group) and created some of the ideas for democracy later used by… This is probably the first legislature (law making group) and created some of the ideas for democracy later used by… But – only free adult men were considered citizens. But – only free adult men were considered citizens. Um…

13. The School of Athens / By Raphael (some of the world’s greatest thinkers)

14. Education in Athens (yes – school even then) Boys were expected to become well- rounded individuals. Boys were expected to become well- rounded individuals. It was important to be able to read, write, and do arithmetic. It was important to be able to read, write, and do arithmetic. Also: play musical instruments, sing, and exercise their body. Also: play musical instruments, sing, and exercise their body. Learned public speaking, debating, and other political skills. Learned public speaking, debating, and other political skills. Recited memory passages (like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey). Recited memory passages (like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey). The wealthier learned all this better than the poor. The wealthier learned all this better than the poor. Girls – stayed at home and maybe learned a little on their own. Girls – stayed at home and maybe learned a little on their own.

15. By 499 BC. the Greeks had to unite. To fight against the Persians (in many battles). To fight against the Persians (in many battles). Sparta and Athens even fought together against the Persians (in the Persian War). Sparta and Athens even fought together against the Persians (in the Persian War). At one time Athens and Sparta weren’t doing to well. At one time Athens and Sparta weren’t doing to well. But they re-grouped and in the battle of Salamis (first naval battle ever recorded) beat the Persians (300 sunk ships to 40). But they re-grouped and in the battle of Salamis (first naval battle ever recorded) beat the Persians (300 sunk ships to 40). There were more battles, but the Persians finally ended up going home. There were more battles, but the Persians finally ended up going home.

16. After these wars… The Spartans went back to Sparta to do their thing. The Spartans went back to Sparta to do their thing. Athens wanted to make sure they would be okay if the Persians attacked again. Athens wanted to make sure they would be okay if the Persians attacked again. They organized an alliance (including 140 city-states that fought in the Persian Wars) which promised to help defend each other. They organized an alliance (including 140 city-states that fought in the Persian Wars) which promised to help defend each other. The center of this alliance (friendship) was in Athens – which ended up giving Athens enormous power. The center of this alliance (friendship) was in Athens – which ended up giving Athens enormous power. This ends up being “the Golden Age of Athens.” This ends up being “the Golden Age of Athens.”

17. Herodotus: the “Father of History” We get a lot of these stories from him. He traveled around the Mediterranean to study places he wrote about and to learn stories of historic events which took place there. We get a lot of these stories from him. He traveled around the Mediterranean to study places he wrote about and to learn stories of historic events which took place there. He did present many facts, but also included many “legends” that may or may not have been true. He did present many facts, but also included many “legends” that may or may not have been true. What do you think about that? What do you think about that?

18. Horrible Histories: Groovy Greeks (Athens School/Spartan Musical) Horrible Histories: Spartan Parent Teacher Conference Horrible Histories: Spartan/Athens Wife Swap