1. NIST Non-Destructive Evaluation David Jacobson Muhammad Arif Ionizing Radiation Division

2. Thermal Neutron Source It is fueled with uranium, contained in 30 MTR type elements of unique split-core design with a 18 cm unfueled gap at the center plane. The reactor is cooled, moderated and reflected by D2O, producing a peak thermal flux at the reactor centerline of 4 x 10 14 neutrons/cm2/s at the rated power level of 20 megawatts. The reactor is operated on a seven week cycle, with approximately 38 continuous days at full power (20 MW) operation followed by 11 days for refueling and maintenance. 100020003000400050000 Neutron Velocity (m/s) 5205080130 Neutron Energy (meV) 0

3. NIST Thermal Neutron Imaging Facility Scheduled to go online in late summer 2002 Predicted thermal flux >10 8 cm -2 sec -1 Beam filtered by 10 cm LN cooled Bismuth single crystal High resolution L/d from 300 to 4000 sample positioning platform beam stop collimating drum Neutron imaging camera Neutrons from source 3-D cutaway view

4. Cold Neutron Source Liquid hydrogen cold sorce Neutron Maxwell-Boltzman distribution now peaks at ~ 0.43 nm or Neutron guides coated with Ni-58 provide integrated fluence rates as much as 2x10 9 neutrons/cm 2 s 100020003000400050000 Neutron Velocity (m/s) 5205080130 Neutron Energy (meV) 0

5. Traditional Radiography Contrast is due to attenuation of radiation Scattering density of material can be extracted N - density of sample atoms per cm 3 I 0 - incident neutrons per second per cm 2  - neutron cross section in ~ 10 -24 cm 2 Sample

6. Collimating guide Neutron beam Lens to magnify or minify image to fit on CCD chip Light tight box ComputerThermal electric cooler Axis of rotation Mirror CCD chip Setup for Traditional Radiography/Tomography Neutron beam (shown in red) is incident on object. Converter screen (shown in green) 6 Li embeded in ZnS absorbs neutrons and produces a charge particle, which induces the ZnS to scintillate. Lens focuses the scintillation light on a CCD chip. CCD chip views the beam from a 45° mirror. This prevents radiation from destroying the CCD. Image collected by CCD is downloaded to a computer for further processing Rotary table Neutron to light converter

7. How can we use imaging? Real Time Imaging –Take radiographs every 1 second over long period –Create movie of an operating object Tomographic Imaging –Create 3-d reconstruction of object –Cut open/isolate any area in object –Analyze area for damage

8. Radiography: X-Ray or Neutron? X-ray Contrast Mechanism Attenuation coefficients proportional to atomic number: –Low scattering/absorption for Hydrogen, etc. –High scattering/absorption for Aluminum, Lead, etc Large difference in attenuation coefficients provides contrast for between on opposite ends on periodic table Low sensitivity to elements with low atomic numbers –Hydrogen –Hydrogen compounds (H 2 O) High energy flux needed to pass through encasement (such as aluminum or steel) Similar problem in medical imaging – high energy flux needed to pass through bones –Lack of sensitivity to tissue

9. Radiography: X-Ray or Neutron? Neutron Contrast Mechanism Attenuation coefficients not correlated with atomic number: –High scattering/absorption for Hydrogen –Low scattering/absorption for Aluminum Sensitive to presence of Hydrogen and Hydrogen based compounds Metal encasements almost invisible to neutrons Neutron absorption in element is proportional to 1/(velocity)

10. Radiography: X-Ray or Neutron? Amount of material needed to attenuate the intensity of a thermal neutron beam by 1/2

11. Factors Influencing Image Quality Neutron beam flux –Image statistics increase as number of neutrons increase –Reduced flux can be compensated for by increasing image exposure time Dark Current –Tendency of a CCD sensor to produce unwanted charge in each pixel over time. –thermal electrons gain enough kinetic energy to tunnel into wells of CCD chip

12. Factors Influencing Image Quality Ideal Case: Point source –Each point is hit by only one ray –One pixel represents one point –Results in sharp edges Actual Case: Aperture –Each point is hit by multiple rays –One pixel represents multiple points –Results in unsharp edges –Geometric sharpness decreases as diameter increases –L/D Ratio

13. Image Processing Pixel values proportional to number of neutrons Dark current correction Median filter (3x3 kernel, gets rid of salt and pepper noise) Divide by empty image to get I/I 0 Take -ln of value to get density values Actual Motor Radiograph (I) Transmission ( I/I 0 ) Transmission ( I/I 0 ) ) n  t( -ln[ I/I 0 ]) n  t ( -ln[ I/I 0 ]) )

14. History of Tomography Principles discovered by Radon in 1917 Rediscovered as Computerized Tomography Cormack and Hounsfield won Nobel Prize in 1979 Used in CAT scans CAT scan of iceman identified cause of death : arrow in shoulder

15. Tomography Data Collection Dataset collected by rotating object by a step angle from 0 to 180 degrees. These images called projections, P  Projections can also be represented as a line integral f(x, y) = N  : attenuation coefficient After images have been collected, each slice of the object can be individually reconstructed

16. Filtered Back Projection Algorithm Conversion from rectangular to polar introduces Jacobian of |w| factor This is known as a ramp filter Based on the Fourier Slice Theorem –the 1-D Fourier Transform of each projection is one slice of the overall 2-D Fourier Transform

17. Filtered Back Projection Algorithm Resolution (point spacing) much less at edges then at center Final equation is: Three Tomography Steps Three Tomography Steps –1.Collect Projection Data –2.Fourier transform Data and filter –3. Back project values across the image plane

18. Filtered Back Projection Algorithm

20. All Slice Reconstructions 3D Reconstruction Tomography Radiographs Slice Reconstruction

21. Tomography Software Tomography software written and optimized for c++ Graphical User-Friendly Interface allows for graphical input of all selection Has ability to perform one step at a time, or complete all tasks at once Ideal for implementation with parallel processing

22. Applications Determination of hydrogen distribution in materials. Study of structural defects in materials. Coking determination in gas turbine engine nozzles. Investigation of hydrogen distribution in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Study of lithium ion conductor motion in lithium batteries. Visualization of porosity of oil containing shale. Determination of time dependent migration of hydrocarbons in rocks. Study of hydrocarbons under pressure. Nondestructive evaluation of archeological specimens. Visualization of liquid metal flow. Examination of solar cell arrays. Contraband detection and identification in sealed containers. Visualization the motion of water in plants.

23. Neutron Phase Contrast Radiography Copyright, 1996 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.

24. Unlike the refractive powers of glass for visible light, neutron refractive powers are very weak. Light refractive indices vary from 1-3. Neutron refractive indices are typically less than 1 and differ from 1 by parts in 10 5 or 10 6. This low refractive power owes to the rather high energy or short wavelength of the neutron. Much longer wavelength neutrons, called very cold neutrons, are currently difficult to produce in large enough quantities to be useful for imaging. Refractive Power of Neutrons

25. Attenuation v.s. Phase Contrast Amplitude objects are objects that attenuate the intensity or amplitude of the wave front like the motor seen previously. Are transparent objects invisible? Not quite, actually they distort a wavefront that passes through them redistributing intensity downstream of the object. This is called phase object Therefore transparent phase objects can be rendered visible.

26. 1.8 m Contact Image 1.8 m Phase Contrast Image 400  m Pinhole Apperture Monochromatic Neutrons Neutron are monochromatic Pinhole aperture is 0.4 mm in diameter Details of delicate organ structure is visible to phase contrast Phase Contrast of a Wasp

27. 400  m Pinhole Apperture 1.8 m Contact Image Polychromatic Neutrons Phase Contrast of a Lead Slug 1.8 m Phase Contrast Image

28. Turbine Blade Phase Image

29. Conclusion Thermal and cold neutrons have short wavelengths, which results in very low refractive powers in matter. In spite of this fact coherent wave scattering can be utilized as an image contrast mechanism. Beams with suitable coherence require small pinhole apertures resulting in very low neutron flux. We need more flux. Real time imaging capabilities allow for study of time dependent phenomenon Beam lines designed specifically for this application would be able to optimize flux. We need better resolution. Dedicated higher flux beam lines are available at NIST and will be developed in the near future. Neutron detector technology improvements (more, faster, better): –Higher flux detectors 10 6 neutrons / cm 2 / s –Near real time image capture –Higher resolution ~ 10  m might be possible