1. Bellwork Using the Horton-Strahler technique (as demonstrated below), label the tributaries on your worksheet

2. The River’s Upper Course Learning Objectives: Recognise upper course features from maps and photographs To be able to explain how features such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls are formed. To understand how the processes of erosion and weathering form these features.

3. Horton-Strahler Stream Order

5. In your table groups write down answers to these questions on an upper course photograph How steep are the slopes? How wide is the channel? What is the bed load like? What are these? Where has most of the erosion happened here? How fast is the water moving?

6. Upper Course River Features Include… steep-sided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, Waterfalls gorges. These are all features formed by EROSION!

7. Spurs…..

8. V-shaped valley

9. Rapids…….

10. Waterfalls….

11. Gorges….

12. Find someone who… Can explain what a plunge pool is Can name a famous Gorge Has been down river rapids in a boat Knows why we find waterfalls in the upper course of a river Can tell you what causes the white water in rapids Can explain the difference between vertical and horizontal erosion Can name the process that breaks up big jagged boulders into smoother smaller pieces. Best answers..? Take your completed card back to your table and highlight which ones are the best answers

13. Can explain what a plunge pool is Deep body of water directly beneath a waterfall Can name a famous GorgeCheddar Gorge (Uk), Grand Canyon Has been down river rapids in a boat Knows why we find waterfalls in the upper course of a river Because we have steep drops and bands or hard/ soft rock Can tell you what causes the white water in rapids Water flowing over large boulders in the chanel Can explain the difference between vertical and horizontal erosion Vertical = downwards cutting Horizontal = sideways cutting Can name the process that breaks up big jagged boulders into smoother smaller pieces. Attrition

14. Formation of Waterfalls and Gorges Using the above sequence to help you, write a short paragraph to explain how waterfalls form. Use the following words somewhere in your answer: Hard Rock Soft Rock Undercutting Plunge pool Erosion

15. V-shape valley formation Write these out in the correct order in which a V-shape valley is formed: 1.This vertical erosion deepens the valley, making the sides steeper and exposed. 2.As the small stream flows downhill steeply, the bedload will erode downwards and scrape away the bottom of the channel (vertical erosion) 3.Over time, weathering and gravity wear away the steep valley sides, forcing material into the stream, which it uses to cut the valley deeper. 4.A small stream will naturally follow small depressions in the landscape.

16. V-shape valley formation 4. A small stream will naturally follow small depressions in the landscape. 2.As the small stream flows downhill steeply, the bedload will erode downwards and scrape away the bottom of the channel (vertical erosion) 1. This vertical erosion deepens the valley, making the sides steeper and exposed. 3. Over time, weathering and gravity wear away the steep valley sides, forcing material into the stream, which it uses to cut the valley deeper.

17. Annotate a sketch of river rapids to show how it forms (use text book to help).

18. 5,4,3,2,1, upper course Name 5 river upper course features Give the names of 4 types of river erosion Name the 3 courses of a river long profile Give 2 names of river features you can identify on a map Name 1 upper-course feature that you are confident in explaining to someone else.