1. Creating a Language: Getting Organized Form a group of 4-6 individuals –Give the group a name Exchange contact information with your group members.

2. Creating a Language: Keeping a Project Book Use a notebook or folder to keep track of everything. –By the end of the semester you should have: A title page (the name of your group) A jobs and names page (who did what?) An introduction page (general description of the language and the experience of creating it) One page for each language-creating module Your final skit, with a translation A conclusion page (what you have learned about language from this experience) Be sure to maintain maximum consistency between all of the modules in your notebook.

3. Creating a Language: Jobs and Names Here is a list of modules and suggested job names: –Cultural focus (ethnographer) –Consonants and vowels (phoneticist) –Phonemes, allophones, and conditioning (phonologist) –Base forms, affixes, allomorphs (lexicographer, morphologist) –Sentences, structure (syntactician, grammarian) –Differences, politeness (sociolinguist, discourse analyst, pragmaticist) –Kinesics, proxemics (non-verbal communication specialist) –Writing system (orthographer, scribe) –Change (historical linguist) It is fine to invent alternative names!

4. Creating a Language: Cultural Focus Choose a cultural focus for your group –Some previous foci include: Fishing Sports Shopping Eating Drinking Dating –Be creative!.

5. Creating a Language: Consonants Your language will need some consonants Begin by choosing 8 to 12 consonants to use These can be as complex as you wish Be sure you can pronounce each one Use phonetic symbols (use the I.P.A.) –do not use English spellings Put your consonant symbols into chart form –use the workbook charts as models.

6. Creating a Language: Vowels Your language will also need some vowels Choose between 4 and 6 vowels to use –be sure you can pronounce them These should be simple vowels –although you can use them to make dipththongs Use phonetic symbols (use the I.P.A.) –do not use English spellings Put your vowel symbols into chart form –use the workbook charts as models dipththongs should go on a separate chart.

7. Creating a Language: Phonemics Assume each of your sounds is a phoneme Now create a pair of allophones for one phoneme: –Choose one phoneme and create a variant OR –Convert two phonemes into allophones of one Your allophones should resemble each other –same manner or place of production, e.g. Create a rule to describe the distribution of the two allophones.

8. Creating a Language: Base Forms Use the sounds on your charts to create: –9-12 thing words visible bodyparts, movable items, parts of the room… –4-6 action words sit, stand, give, touch, open, close, lift, put down… –6-8 descriptive words size, color, number… –2-6 people words you, me, I, we, he/she/it, you/y’all, we two, we three... –2-5 “function” words the, a, this, that, that-over-there, in, at, on, under Be sure you can pronounce your words.

9. Creating a Language: Affixes Now add to your base forms by creating: –an affix to derive one kind of word from another e.g. things from actions, or actions from things –an affix to inflect one kind of word for example: –gender: male, female, neuter... –number: single, plural, dual, triple, inclusive, exclusive… –shape: flat, thin, round, square, oblong, 3-D, floppy... –time: now, soon, never, always, yesterday, today, tomorrow… –validity: witnessed, heard about, heard from reliable source… –comparison: strong, stronger, strongest... –Remember to only use sounds in your charts!! –Be sure you can pronounce your words.

10. Creating a Language: Allomorphs If there’s time and you feel ambitious: –develop a pair of allomorphs for one of your morphemes –develop a rule to explain where to use each allomorph.

11. Creating a Language: Sentences Using your words (base forms & affixes): –Create a simple declarative sentence type Decide on word order –SOV, SVO, VSO; adjective + noun? noun + adjective? –Using your declarative sentence create a negative OR an interrogative sentence type –insert a word –add an affix –change the order of words –change the intonation –etc (you can create both if you want to).

12. Creating a Language: Structure For each of your sentence types: –Show the structure using slots and fillers AND, if there is time, and you are feeling ambitious: –Show the structure using trees (and rules) In each case, give examples.

13. Creating a Language: Difference in Action Identify some different linguistic situations –formal/informal, teasing/serious, And identify a ‘difference’ in your group –male/female, Senior/Junior, major/non-major choose a way for your language to index (mark, indicate, signal) these differences –degrees of loudness? –Specific words only used by one group? –Specific words only used in certain situations?

14. Creating a Language: Politeness Taboo a word –Choose an existing word from your lexicon You will never be able to use it again –Develop a reason for tabooing this word Create a euphemism for it –Choose another word from your lexicon –Or create a new word which suggests the tabooed word It should sound different from the tabooed word –Develop an explanation for why this euphemism ‘works’ Create a greeting Create a farewell.

15. Creating a Language: Kinesics & Proxemics Create two or three gestures: –friendly, obscene, teasing, aggressive, etc. Create a proxemic system –define degrees of space: Intimate Personal Social Public.

16. Creating a Language: Writing (optional) Create an orthography for your language.

17. Creating a Language: Change Borrow a word from another group –visit, send someone, invite someone…….. What word did you borrow? What does it mean? Why did you borrow it? Can you pronounce it correctly? How does it affect your language? –Phonology, new concept,…...

18. Creating a Language: Presentation Prepare a short skit in your language Your skit should include: –A greeting –A request or command for someone to give/do something to someone –A use of your tabooed word (and its euphemistic substitute) –A farewell Be sure to use your proxemic system in your skit Be sure to use your kinesic system in your skit Once your skit has been presented, present it again in English, so your classmates can follow along Then please present a very short summary of the key features of your language for your classmates.

19. Creating a Language: The Final Product Turn in your notebook for grading –There should be: A title page A jobs and names page (who did what?) An introduction page (general description of the language and the experience of creating it) One page for each language-creating module Your skit, with a translation A conclusion page (what you have learned about language from this experience) Remember to maintain maximum consistency between all of the modules in your notebook.