1. Astroparticle Physics (APP) research in the Netherlands Restricted-ECFA meeting NIKHEF, Amsterdam, 23 Sept. 2005, Gerard van der Steenhoven* ? LOFAR Gravitation Cosmic Rays Neutrinos Dark Matter Astroparticle Physics *) Chair Committee for Astroparticle Physics in The Netherlands (CAN)

2. Why relevant for ? Key questions from ‘The Quantum Universe’: 1.Undiscovered principles: 2.Dark energy: 3.Extra dimensions: 4.Unified forces: 5.Why so many particles: 6.Dark matter: 7.Neutrinos: 8.Origin of the universe: 9.Antimatter: LHC 1. Beyond SM, SUSY 2. Higgs Field, SN-Ia 3. String Theory, Gravitation 4. UH energies, p-decay 5. Top, bottom,  - physics 6. WIMPs, neutralinos 7. Mass, CP, oscillations 8. QGP, WMAP 9. CP violation APP

3. Developing APP in the Netherlands Fall of 2003 –NIKHEF long range plan: Fall of 2004 –Formation of “Committee for Astroparticle Physics in NL” (Bottom-up initiative) Spring of 2005 –Publication strategic plan → APP 2 nd priority next to LHC

4. Astronomy & Physics groups involved Amsterdam: –Univ. of Amsterdam (Anton Pannekoek Institute) –Vrije Universiteit (Theory, Exp HEP) –NIKHEF (Antares, Exp HEP) Dwingelo: –ASTRON (Radio Astronomy) Groningen: –Univ. of Groningen(Kapteyn Institute) –KVI (Theory, Exp NP) Leiden: –Leiden Univ. (Theory) Nijmegen: –Radboud Univ. (IMAPP, Exp HEP) Utrecht: –SRON (Space Research) –Utrecht Univ. (Astron., Exp HEP)

5. Contents APP Strategic Plan Executive Summary 5 Recommendations 7 1. Introduction 9 2.Astroparticle Physics11 2.1The nature of dark matter11 2.2The nature of dark energy13 2.3The origin of the highest-energy cosmic rays15 2.4The origin of the large-scale structure of the universe19 2.5The observation and use of gravitational waves20 3.Proposed astroparticle physics research in the Netherlands23 3.1Considerations23 3.2Strategic plan24 3.4Relevance for key scientific issues27 3.3International aspects28 4.Training aspects31 5.Outreach33 6.Computing35 7.Application perspective in industry, other disciplines or society37 8.Finances and management39 8.1Annual running budget39 8.2Investments43 8.3Organization and management45 Appendix 1:Existing astroparticle physics projects in the Netherlands47 Appendix 2:The KM3NeT project60 Appendix 3:The Pierre Auger Observatory63 Appendix 4:Other research opportunities in astroparticle physics research65 Appendix 5:List of senior scientists supporting the present proposal68

6. Key Scientific Questions a)What is the nature of Dark Matter? b)What is the nature of Dark Energy? c)What is the origin of (U)HE Cosmic Rays? d)What is the origin of large scale structures in the universe? e)Can gravitational waves be observed; what do they tell us? 73% dark energy 23% dark matter 4% baryons APP combines methods and technologies from physics and astronomy to address these issues.

7. a) Dark Matter Rotation of galaxiesGravitational lensingMicrowave background Direct searches: CDMS, Edelweiss-II, CRESST,.. Satellite missions: EGRET, BESS, AMS-02, … Indirect searches: Amanda/IceC, Antares/KM 3 NeT

8. b) Dark Energy Astronomy observations: –Red shifts of high-z SN-Ia: accelerated expansion Physics theory: –Vacuum fluctuations: 10 120 –Some scalar field ? –Related to supersymmetry ? New satellites: –SNAP: SN-Ia  –PLANCK: evolution DE/DM

9. c) Origin of (U)HE cosmic rays ? Science: –GZK limit (5 10 19 eV)? –Cosmic acceleration AGNs, GRBs, SNRs? –Composition, sources? Multi-messenger appr.: –Ultra HE’s: Auger, Euso,. –Radio: Rice, LOFAR,….. – -s: IceCube, KM3NeT,.. –GWs: Virgo, Ligo, Lisa,.. GZK limit: E’ < 5 10 19 eV Cosmic Microwave Background  E E’

10. d) Origin of large-scale structures Cosmic Microwave Background – CMB: –WMAP –PLANCK PLANCK expectations: WMAPPLANCK CMB Polarization

11. e) Gravitational waves Science case: –General Relativity –GW astronomy Detectors: –Resonant: Explorer, Nautilus, Mini-GRAIL, Niobe,.. –Interferometers: Geo600, Ligo, Virgo,.. Satellite-based: Lisa Primordial GW’s…….. Grav. Waves

12. Proposed research focus Origin (ultra) high-energy cosmic rays in a multi-messenger approach: Radio NeutrinosUHE muonsGravitational Waves

13. Three main research efforts: 1.Radio detection of cosmic rays: –LOPES/LOFAR: proof of principle + full exploitation –Pierre Auger Observatory: “jump start”, GZK limit 2.Deep sea neutrino detection: –ANTARES: proof of principle + first exploitation –KM3NeT: full exploitation, astronomy, dark matter 3.Gravitational wave detection: –LISA-pathfinder: proof of principle / mini-GRAIL –LISA: GW discovery + GW astronomy! Fast access to data Discovery potential

14. Radio detection of CR’s LOFAR: –Radio emission CR’s (H. Falcke et al.) –Proof-of-principle: LOPES (Karlsruhe) –CR composition, anisotropies, -det, –Count-rate estimate: 5 ev/hr 1 ev/yr

15. LOPES: proof-of-principle First data: Nature 436 (2005) 313 -detection: Consider so-called inclined showers

16. Pierre Auger Observatory Cosmic Ray detection: –muon & fluorescence det. –2005: NL-team joined! –export LOFAR technique First results (® A. Watson) 3000 km 2 1600 stations 1.5 km spacing 30 events of 10 20 eV per yr

17. Dutch contributions: - All-data-to-shore concept (→ Talk by M. de Jong) - Production line KM3NeT? Deep-sea neutrino detection ANTARES / KM3NeT Neutralino searches Simulated sky map: – diffuse + point sources

18. -astronomy: update ‘05 AMANDA-II: ANTARES: –  ~ 0.2 deg. proven in situ KM3NeT: approved FP6 design study –Dutch involvement: NIKHEF, KVI (and Utrecht) (® A. Karle)

19. Gravitational Wave Detectors MiniGrail @ Leiden: CuAl(6%) alloy; 1400 kg f reso = 2.9 kHz (  230 Hz) LISA 3-satellite system: 68 cm T = 20 mK L = 5 x 10 6 km 10 -4 < f reso < 10 -1 Hz

20. GW science in NL Mini-GRAIL: –now operational –competitive sensitivity LISA: –SRON: Inertial sensor electronics LDIM and LISA-pathfinder Industry: Dutch Space et al. –Vrije Universeit & NIKHEF: Initiated GW-physics group LoI for LISA-analysis LIGO Mini-GRAIL

21. Budget Activity2006200720082009201020112012201320142015 RADIO5008501050 1000850800 NEUTRINO400650800850800700 GRAVITAT.250400550 500450 THEORY200400550 NEW PROJ.----100350450 GENERAL150200250 TOTAL 1500250032003250 3200 Basic support univ. & instit. Add. Request: – PhDs, PDs – fees, travel (no investments) Includes – outreach – theory – management Total: 3 M€/yr

22. Benefits for Dutch science Be active in front-line research areas: –France, US: new Astroparticle Physics Institutes –National coordination: “focus & mass” –Common technology: “distributed sensor networks” Opportunities for leadership & innovation: Dutch ExpertiseInnovation & Industry Radio detection of cosmic rays Geo-synchrotron effect (H. Falcke/RU & ASTRON) Ordina Tech. Autom. bv, Twente Inst. W&M com. Deep-sea detection All-data-to-shore with fiber optics (M. de Jong/NIKHEF) Baas Group bv (photonics) Gravitational wave detection Miniaturized inertial sensor electronics (SRON) Dutch Space, TNO S&I, Bradford Engineering

23. Perspectives Funding: –Summer ’05: no increase NWO budget –20 Sept. ’05 - “Innovation Platform”: Call for new large scale research facilities CAN decides to prepare APP proposal on Further APP symposia: –5 th APP symposium: Oct.14 th, Utrecht –6 th APP symposium: Febr. 3 rd, VU National research facilities for astroparticle physics

24. Considerations for r-ECFA Astroparticle Physics: –Large discovery potential –Complementary to HEP Opportunities in NL: –Coherent strategic plan Science policy: –Collab. with Astronomy –Organization and financing interdisciplinary research

25. Spare Slides