1. America’s History Seventh Edition
James A. Henretta
Rebecca Edwards
Robert O. Self
America’s History Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 24
The World at War,
Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2. I. The Road to War The Rise of Fascism 1. Japan and Italy
1931 Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937
Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
2. Hitler’s Germany
Isolationists versus Interventionists
1. Popular Front
2. The Failure of Appeasement
3. War Arrives
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
Japan and Italy – Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937; Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Hitler’s Germany – 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor; Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment; political parties outlawed, rivals arrested; desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs); blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems; 1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
Popular Front – American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism; Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members; many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join; Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism; they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
The Failure of Appeasement – Germany annexed Austria in 1938; France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory; Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact; September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
War Arrives – U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.

3. I. The Road to War The Rise of Fascism 2. Hitler’s Germany
1933 Hitler became German Chancellor
Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment
political parties outlawed, rivals arrested
desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs)
blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems
1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists
1. Popular Front
2. The Failure of Appeasement
3. War Arrives
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
Japan and Italy – Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937; Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Hitler’s Germany – 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor; Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment; political parties outlawed, rivals arrested; desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs); blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems; 1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
Popular Front – American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism; Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members; many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join; Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism; they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
The Failure of Appeasement – Germany annexed Austria in 1938; France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory; Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact; September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
War Arrives – U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.

4. I. The Road to War 2. The Failure of Appeasement 3. War Arrives
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
1. Popular Front
American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism
Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members
many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join
Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism
they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
2. The Failure of Appeasement
3. War Arrives
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
Japan and Italy – Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937; Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Hitler’s Germany – 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor; Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment; political parties outlawed, rivals arrested; desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs); blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems; 1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
Popular Front – American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism; Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members; many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join; Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism; they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
The Failure of Appeasement – Germany annexed Austria in 1938; France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory; Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact; September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
War Arrives – U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.

5. I. The Road to War
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
2. The Failure of Appeasement
Germany annexed Austria in 1938
France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory
Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact
September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
3. War Arrives
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
Japan and Italy – Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937; Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Hitler’s Germany – 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor; Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment; political parties outlawed, rivals arrested; desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs); blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems; 1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
Popular Front – American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism; Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members; many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join; Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism; they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
The Failure of Appeasement – Germany annexed Austria in 1938; France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory; Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact; September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
War Arrives – U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.

6. I. The Road to War
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
3. War Arrives
U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.
The Road to War
The Rise of Fascism
Japan and Italy – Japan began a program of military expansion in Asia by occupying Manchuria, full invasion of China 1937; Benito Mussolini, leader of Italy since 1922, invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
Hitler’s Germany – 1933 Hitler became German Chancellor; Germany suffered from post-World War I economic problems, labor unrest, unemployment; political parties outlawed, rivals arrested; desired to overturn the Versailles Treaty and rid Germany of the “inferior races” (Jews, Gypsies, Slavs); blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems; 1935 began to rebuild Germany’s military against the Versailles treaty.
Isolationists versus Interventionists (Efforts to keep U.S. out of war in Europe included Neutrality Act of 1935 and “cash-and-carry” policy for weapons sales.)
Popular Front – American intellectuals and social activists wanted the U.S. to enter war against fascism; Communist Party membership in the U.S. peaked at 100,000 members; many more supported the ideas of the Party but did not join; Soviet leaders encouraged Communists in U.S. and Western Europe to join in a Popular Front against fascism; they did so in the Spanish Civil War ( ).
The Failure of Appeasement – Germany annexed Austria in 1938; France and Britain allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) if Hitler pledged to seek no more territory; Hitler continued his march into Czechoslovakia toward Poland; 1939 USSR-Germany sign a Nonaggression Pact; September 1 Hitler invades Poland; September 3 Britain and France declare war.
War Arrives – U.S. interventionists stepped up their calls to enter the war but isolationists (“America Firsters”) convinced FDR to stay out; the president continued efforts to prepare for war, making trades with Britain to create U.S. bases on British soil); FDR reelected in 1940 and defined the “four essential freedoms”: speech, religion, from want and fear; March 1941 Lend-Lease Act passed to aid Britain; Atlantic Charter between U.S. and Britain: economic collaboration, national self-determination, political stability postwar.

7. I. The Road to War The Attack on Pearl Harbor 1. Provocation
FDR criticized Japan’s invasion of China but did not intervene when the city of Nanjing was attacked
300,000 Chinese massacred and thousands of women raped
Japanese pursued the goal of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” from Korea to Indonesia
invaded Indochina; U.S. froze Japanese assets and started an embargo.
2. Plans for War
The Road to War
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Provocation – FDR criticized Japan’s invasion of China but did not intervene when the city of Nanjing was attacked; 300,000 Chinese massacred and thousands of women raped; Japanese pursued the goal of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” from Korea to Indonesia; invaded Indochina; U.S. froze Japanese assets and started an embargo.
Plans for War – Prime Minister/General Tojo was making war plans against the U.S., culminated in attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941; killed more than 2,400 Americans; declaration of war against Japan brought the U.S. to war against Germany and Italy (Axis Powers).

8. I. The Road to War The Attack on Pearl Harbor 2. Plans for War
Prime Minister/General Tojo was making war plans against the U.S., culminated in attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
killed more than 2,400 Americans
declaration of war against Japan brought the U.S. to war against Germany and Italy (Axis Powers).
The Road to War
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Provocation – FDR criticized Japan’s invasion of China but did not intervene when the city of Nanjing was attacked; 300,000 Chinese massacred and thousands of women raped; Japanese pursued the goal of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” from Korea to Indonesia; invaded Indochina; U.S. froze Japanese assets and started an embargo.
Plans for War – Prime Minister/General Tojo was making war plans against the U.S., culminated in attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941; killed more than 2,400 Americans; declaration of war against Japan brought the U.S. to war against Germany and Italy (Axis Powers).

10. 1. Consider the Pearl Harbor photograph and the Rosie the Riveter photograph together. What emotions does each of the images evoke in their audiences?
1. Have students consider the Pearl Harbor photograph and the Rosie the Riveter photograph together. What emotions does each of the images evoke in their audiences?
(Answer: Pearl Harbor: shock and horror at the devastation wrought on the naval base by Japanese bombs, a recognition that amidst the rubble there is loss of life; three female defense workers [“Rosies”]: indicative of the notion that Americans – men and women – were hard at work to defeat the nation’s foes, a reassuring message when compared to the uncertainty, fear, devastation of the aftermath of the attack at Pearl Harbor.)
2. In your opinion, what was life like after the war for the three women pictured in the Rosie the Riveter photograph? How did war-time work experiences change the lives of such women?
(Answer: students might discuss whether these women would have continued working after the war; statistics indicate that a significant number of war-time Rosies did work post-war but in positions that paid them lower wages; students might also consider the independence offered by war-time work, the opportunities it afforded women who previously were relegated to jobs that did not require manual labor or mechanical skills.)

11. 2. In your opinion, what was life like after the war for the three women pictured in the Rosie the Riveter photograph? How did war-time work experiences change the lives of such women?
1. Have students consider the Pearl Harbor photograph and the Rosie the Riveter photograph together. What emotions does each of the images evoke in their audiences?
(Answer: Pearl Harbor: shock and horror at the devastation wrought on the naval base by Japanese bombs, a recognition that amidst the rubble there is loss of life; three female defense workers [“Rosies”]: indicative of the notion that Americans – men and women – were hard at work to defeat the nation’s foes, a reassuring message when compared to the uncertainty, fear, devastation of the aftermath of the attack at Pearl Harbor.)
2. In your opinion, what was life like after the war for the three women pictured in the Rosie the Riveter photograph? How did war-time work experiences change the lives of such women?
(Answer: students might discuss whether these women would have continued working after the war; statistics indicate that a significant number of war-time Rosies did work post-war but in positions that paid them lower wages; students might also consider the independence offered by war-time work, the opportunities it afforded women who previously were relegated to jobs that did not require manual labor or mechanical skills.)

12. II. Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
1. Business and Industry
significant cooperation had to exist between the government and U.S. industries to mobilize for war
taxes on personal income and businesses paid for half the war, the rest borrowed from the wealthy and other citizens who purchased bonds
civilians working for the government increased to 3.8 million.
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
Business and Industry – significant cooperation had to exist between the government and U.S. industries to mobilize for war; taxes on personal income and businesses paid for half the war, the rest borrowed from the wealthy and other citizens who purchased bonds; civilians working for the government increased to 3.8 million.
War Production Board (WPB) – awarded defense contracts, allocated resources (copper, rubber, oil), convinced businesses to convert to military production; worked mostly with large corporations (ex: Henry J. Kaiser, contractor); beginnings of military-industrial complex of the Cold War period.

13. II. Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
2. War Production Board (WPB)
awarded defense contracts, allocated resources (copper, rubber, oil), convinced businesses to convert to military production
worked mostly with large corporations (ex: Henry J. Kaiser, contractor)
beginnings of military-industrial complex of the Cold War period.
Organizing for Victory
Financing the War
Business and Industry – significant cooperation had to exist between the government and U.S. industries to mobilize for war; taxes on personal income and businesses paid for half the war, the rest borrowed from the wealthy and other citizens who purchased bonds; civilians working for the government increased to 3.8 million.
War Production Board (WPB) – awarded defense contracts, allocated resources (copper, rubber, oil), convinced businesses to convert to military production; worked mostly with large corporations (ex: Henry J. Kaiser, contractor); beginnings of military-industrial complex of the Cold War period.

15. II. Organizing for Victory
Mobilizing the American Fighting Force
1. Soldiers and Workers
more than 15 million men and women enlisted in armed forces
millions of civilians had to be mobilized in their workplaces; segregated military
NAACP: “A Jim Crow army cannot fight for a free world
Native and Mexican Americans were not segregated; Native Americans created undecipherable codes for the military to use.
Organizing for Victory
B. Mobilizing the American Fighting Force
Soldiers and Workers – more than 15 million men and women enlisted in armed forces; millions of civilians had to be mobilized in their workplaces; segregated military; NAACP: “A Jim Crow army cannot fight for a free world”; Native and Mexican Americans were not segregated; Native Americans created undecipherable codes for the military to use.
Women – 350,000 women enlisted: 140,000 Women’s Army Corps (WACS) and 100,000 WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services); 75,000 nurses; 1,000 Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs); limited duties and could not command men; no combat duty. 15

16. II. Organizing for Victory
Mobilizing the American Fighting Force
2. Women
350,000 women enlisted: 140,000 Women’s Army Corps (WACS) and 100,000 WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services)
75,000 nurses; 1,000 Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
limited duties and could not command men; no combat duty.
Organizing for Victory
B. Mobilizing the American Fighting Force
Soldiers and Workers – more than 15 million men and women enlisted in armed forces; millions of civilians had to be mobilized in their workplaces; segregated military; NAACP: “A Jim Crow army cannot fight for a free world”; Native and Mexican Americans were not segregated; Native Americans created undecipherable codes for the military to use.
Women – 350,000 women enlisted: 140,000 Women’s Army Corps (WACS) and 100,000 WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services); 75,000 nurses; 1,000 Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs); limited duties and could not command men; no combat duty. 16

17. II. Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
1. Rosie the Riveter
women who worked in the defense industry; many left roles as housewives and in lower-paying jobs to seek lucrative work for the defense industry
riveters, ship welders, drill-press operators; by 1945 women were 36% of the labor force
faced sexual harassment and wage discrimination; some child care provided by the government
when men returned, women were expected to give up their jobs.
2. Wartime Civil Rights
3. Organized Labor
Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
Rosie the Riveter – women who worked in the defense industry; many left roles as housewives and in lower-paying jobs to seek lucrative work for the defense industry; riveters, ship welders, drill-press operators; by 1945 women were 36% of the labor force; faced sexual harassment and wage discrimination; some child care provided by the government; when men returned, women were expected to give up their jobs.
Wartime Civil Rights – “Double V” campaign: victories against Nazism and racism; A. Philip Randolph (head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, largest black union) planned a march on Washington for civil rights in 1941; FDR put forth EO 8802 prohibiting discrimination in defense industry and government jobs to halt the march; NAACP grew to 450,000 members; founding of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a prominent 1960s organization; Mexican Americans challenged discrimination and formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples; farm laborers began to organize in this period and would become increasingly active, including César Chávez and Delores Huerta.
Organized Labor – union membership increased; “no-strike” pledge during war years; creation of National War Labor Board (NWLB) to set wages, work hours, conditions; consumer prices rose, as did corporate profits – angered many workers.

18. II. Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
2. Wartime Civil Rights
“Double V” campaign: victories against Nazism and racism
A. Philip Randolph (head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, largest black union) planned a march on Washington for civil rights in 1941
FDR put forth EO 8802 prohibiting discrimination in defense industry and government jobs to halt the march; NAACP grew to 450,000 members
founding of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a prominent 1960s organization
3. Organized Labor
Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
Rosie the Riveter – women who worked in the defense industry; many left roles as housewives and in lower-paying jobs to seek lucrative work for the defense industry; riveters, ship welders, drill-press operators; by 1945 women were 36% of the labor force; faced sexual harassment and wage discrimination; some child care provided by the government; when men returned, women were expected to give up their jobs.
Wartime Civil Rights – “Double V” campaign: victories against Nazism and racism; A. Philip Randolph (head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, largest black union) planned a march on Washington for civil rights in 1941; FDR put forth EO 8802 prohibiting discrimination in defense industry and government jobs to halt the march; NAACP grew to 450,000 members; founding of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a prominent 1960s organization; Mexican Americans challenged discrimination and formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples; farm laborers began to organize in this period and would become increasingly active, including César Chávez and Delores Huerta.
Organized Labor – union membership increased; “no-strike” pledge during war years; creation of National War Labor Board (NWLB) to set wages, work hours, conditions; consumer prices rose, as did corporate profits – angered many workers.

19. II. Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
2. Wartime Civil Rights
Mexican Americans challenged discrimination and formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples
farm laborers began to organize in this period and would become increasingly active, including César Chávez and Delores Huerta.
3. Organized Labor
union membership increased
“no-strike” pledge during war years
creation of National War Labor Board (NWLB) to set wages, work hours, conditions; consumer prices rose, as did corporate profits – angered many workers.
Organizing for Victory
Workers and the War Effort
Rosie the Riveter – women who worked in the defense industry; many left roles as housewives and in lower-paying jobs to seek lucrative work for the defense industry; riveters, ship welders, drill-press operators; by 1945 women were 36% of the labor force; faced sexual harassment and wage discrimination; some child care provided by the government; when men returned, women were expected to give up their jobs.
Wartime Civil Rights – “Double V” campaign: victories against Nazism and racism; A. Philip Randolph (head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, largest black union) planned a march on Washington for civil rights in 1941; FDR put forth EO 8802 prohibiting discrimination in defense industry and government jobs to halt the march; NAACP grew to 450,000 members; founding of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a prominent 1960s organization; Mexican Americans challenged discrimination and formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples; farm laborers began to organize in this period and would become increasingly active, including César Chávez and Delores Huerta.
Organized Labor – union membership increased; “no-strike” pledge during war years; creation of National War Labor Board (NWLB) to set wages, work hours, conditions; consumer prices rose, as did corporate profits – angered many workers.

20. II. Organizing for Victory
Politics in Wartime
1. A Second Bill of Rights
1944 State of the Union speech called for guaranteeing Americans access to education, jobs, food, clothing, housing, medical care
desired to extend the New Deal directly to individuals
Congress created benefits for military veterans (GIs) only
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) or the “GI Bill of Rights” provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, mortgages.
Organizing for Victory
Politics in Wartime
A Second Bill of Rights – 1944 State of the Union speech called for guaranteeing Americans access to education, jobs, food, clothing, housing, medical care; desired to extend the New Deal directly to individuals; Congress created benefits for military veterans (GIs) only; Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) or the “GI Bill of Rights” provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, mortgages.
Election of 1944 – Democratic Party wanted Sen. Harry Truman (D-MO) as running mate instead of VP Henry Wallace; ran against Gov. Thomas Dewey (R-NY); FDR won 53.5% of popular vote. 20

21. II. Organizing for Victory
Politics in Wartime
2. Election of 1944
Democratic Party wanted Sen. Harry Truman (D-MO) as running mate instead of VP Henry Wallace
ran against Gov. Thomas Dewey (R-NY)
FDR won 53.5% of popular vote.
Organizing for Victory
Politics in Wartime
A Second Bill of Rights – 1944 State of the Union speech called for guaranteeing Americans access to education, jobs, food, clothing, housing, medical care; desired to extend the New Deal directly to individuals; Congress created benefits for military veterans (GIs) only; Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) or the “GI Bill of Rights” provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, mortgages.
Election of 1944 – Democratic Party wanted Sen. Harry Truman (D-MO) as running mate instead of VP Henry Wallace; ran against Gov. Thomas Dewey (R-NY); FDR won 53.5% of popular vote. 21

22. III. Life on the Home Front
“For the Duration”
1. Popular Culture
Office of War Information (OWI) encouraged advertisers to link their products to the war effort
movies and other forms of culture reinforced the connections between the home front and the war
“Why We Fight” documentaries directed by Frank Capra
John Wayne, Anthony Quinn, Spencer Tracy all played military heroes in movies.
2. Consumer Goods
shortages due to rationing and regulation;
rubber shortages meant many people could/did not drive cars; shoes rationed; meat, butter, sugar;
black market for goods developed.
Life on the Home Front
“For the Duration”
Popular Culture – Office of War Information (OWI) encouraged advertisers to link their products to the war effort; movies and other forms of culture reinforced the connections between the home front and the war; “Why We Fight” documentaries directed by Frank Capra; John Wayne, Anthony Quinn, Spencer Tracy all played military heroes in movies.
Consumer Goods – shortages due to rationing and regulation; rubber shortages meant many people could/did not drive cars; shoes rationed; meat, butter, sugar; black market for goods developed.

23. 1. What messages are being sent by these two posters from the Second World War?
Have students consider this poster and the following poster together.
1. What messages are being sent by these two posters from the Second World War?
(Answer: “This is the Enemy” depicts a sullen-faced Nazi officer watching a hanging, expressionless; “Is your trip necessary?” depicts a crowd of people in movement and asks Americans to think about their own actions during the war and whether what they want to do will negatively impact the war effort.)
2. From your perspective, why did the government believe such posters necessary during the war?
(Answer: these images were constant reminders to Americans that they were at war; a nation mobilized for the war [through their labor, higher taxes, rationing] needed these visual reminders of what the Allies were fighting against and the importance of individual sacrifice to aid in the effort.)

24. 2. From your perspective, why did the government believe such posters necessary during the war?
Have students consider this poster and the following poster together.
1. What messages are being sent by these two posters from the Second World War?
(Answer: “This is the Enemy” depicts a sullen-faced Nazi officer watching a hanging, expressionless; “Is your trip necessary?” depicts a crowd of people in movement and asks Americans to think about their own actions during the war and whether what they want to do will negatively impact the war effort.)
2. From your perspective, why did the government believe such posters necessary during the war?
(Answer: these images were constant reminders to Americans that they were at war; a nation mobilized for the war [through their labor, higher taxes, rationing] needed these visual reminders of what the Allies were fighting against and the importance of individual sacrifice to aid in the effort.)

25. III. Life on the Home Front
Migration and the Wartime City
1. Racial Conflict
migration of population for work and military service
more than in previous years, racial and ethnic groups lived and worked near each other
competition for jobs and housing
Rioting
in Los Angeles there was conflict between Hispanic teens (dressed in “zoot suits”) and whites.
2. Gay and Lesbian Community Formation
Life on the Home Front
Migration and the Wartime City
Racial Conflict – migration of population for work and military service; more than in previous years, racial and ethnic groups lived and worked near each other; competition for jobs and housing; rioting; in Los Angeles there was conflict between Hispanic teens (dressed in “zoot suits”) and whites.
Gay and Lesbian Community Formation – most kept silent by hostility, religious morality; cities such as NY, LA, Chicago, KC, Buffalo, Dallas developed gay neighborhoods that would lead the gay rights movement in the 1960s-1970s; military had difficulty screening out homosexuals; gay culture in military more extensive than in civilian life. 25

26. III. Life on the Home Front
Migration and the Wartime City
2. Gay and Lesbian Community Formation
most kept silent by hostility, religious morality
cities such as NY, LA, Chicago, KC, Buffalo, Dallas developed gay neighborhoods that would lead the gay rights movement in the 1960s-1970s
military had difficulty screening out homosexuals
gay culture in military more extensive than in civilian life.
Life on the Home Front
Migration and the Wartime City
Racial Conflict – migration of population for work and military service; more than in previous years, racial and ethnic groups lived and worked near each other; competition for jobs and housing; rioting; in Los Angeles there was conflict between Hispanic teens (dressed in “zoot suits”) and whites.
Gay and Lesbian Community Formation – most kept silent by hostility, religious morality; cities such as NY, LA, Chicago, KC, Buffalo, Dallas developed gay neighborhoods that would lead the gay rights movement in the 1960s-1970s; military had difficulty screening out homosexuals; gay culture in military more extensive than in civilian life. 26

27. 1. Describe the physical appearance of the men being boarded onto the bus.
(Answer: appear to be of Mexican-American descent; well-dressed in what was known as a “zoot-suit”: jackets with padded shoulders, wide-legged pants, button-down shirts, some are wearing hats, shoes are polished.)
2. These so-called “zoot-suiters” were arrested after clashes with American servicemen in Los Angeles. Can you think of other examples of war-time division between ethnic groups?
(Answer: historians tell us that unlike in World War I when Germans and Italians faced hostility, during World War II Americans generally blamed the leaders of Germany and Italy and not hyphenated-Americans descended from those nations; hostility against Japanese and Japanese-American citizens led to war-time internment.)

28. 2. These so-called “zoot-suiters” were arrested after clashes with American servicemen in Los Angeles. Can you think of other examples of war-time division between ethnic groups?
1. Describe the physical appearance of the men being boarded onto the bus.
(Answer: appear to be of Mexican-American descent; well-dressed in what was known as a “zoot-suit”: jackets with padded shoulders, wide-legged pants, button-down shirts, some are wearing hats, shoes are polished.)
2. These so-called “zoot-suiters” were arrested after clashes with American servicemen in Los Angeles. Can you think of other examples of war-time division between ethnic groups?
(Answer: historians tell us that unlike in World War I when Germans and Italians faced hostility, during World War II Americans generally blamed the leaders of Germany and Italy and not hyphenated-Americans descended from those nations; hostility against Japanese and Japanese-American citizens led to war-time internment.)

29. III. Life on the Home Front
Japanese Removal
1. War Relocation
West Coast residents began to fear further attack by Japanese following the bombing of Pearl Harbor;
history of anti-Asian sentiment in states like California worsened during the war
EO 9066: War Department had the authority to force Japanese and Japanese Americans into relocation camps for the rest of the war
more than two-thirds were American-born
creation of War Relocation Authority (WRA).
2. Resistance
Life on the Home Front
Japanese Removal
War Relocation – West Coast residents began to fear further attack by Japanese following the bombing of Pearl Harbor; history of anti-Asian sentiment in states like California worsened during the war; EO 9066: War Department had the authority to force Japanese and Japanese Americans into relocation camps for the rest of the war; more than two-thirds were American-born; creation of War Relocation Authority (WRA).
Resistance – Gordon Hirabayashi was a student at the University of Washington and a pacifist, registered as a conscientious objector (CO) with the draft board; refused to evacuate but turned himself in; case went to the Supreme Court, ruled that internment was legal because of “military necessity”; years later, Congress awarded $20,000 to survivors in 1988 with a public apology.

30. III. Life on the Home Front
Japanese Removal
2. Resistance
Gordon Hirabayashi was a student at the University of Washington and a pacifist, registered as a conscientious objector (CO) with the draft board
refused to evacuate but turned himself in
case went to the Supreme Court, ruled that internment was legal because of “military necessity”
years later, Congress awarded $20,000 to survivors in 1988 with a public apology.
Life on the Home Front
Japanese Removal
War Relocation – West Coast residents began to fear further attack by Japanese following the bombing of Pearl Harbor; history of anti-Asian sentiment in states like California worsened during the war; EO 9066: War Department had the authority to force Japanese and Japanese Americans into relocation camps for the rest of the war; more than two-thirds were American-born; creation of War Relocation Authority (WRA).
Resistance – Gordon Hirabayashi was a student at the University of Washington and a pacifist, registered as a conscientious objector (CO) with the draft board; refused to evacuate but turned himself in; case went to the Supreme Court, ruled that internment was legal because of “military necessity”; years later, Congress awarded $20,000 to survivors in 1988 with a public apology.

32. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
1. The Big Three
FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, Premier Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union
agreed that defeating Germany was top priority (then Japan), did not agree over how to achieve
Stalin wanted a second front against Germany with an invasion through France.
2. Battle of Kursk
The War in Europe
1. D-Day
2. The Holocaust
Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
The Big Three – FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, Premier Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union; agreed that defeating Germany was top priority (then Japan), did not agree over how to achieve; Stalin wanted a second front against Germany with an invasion through France.
Battle of Kursk – British opposed an invasion in 1942, though FDR said Allies would comply with Stalin’s wishes; American supplies were not ready when 1943 Battle of Kursk began; Soviet army had 860,000 casualties; agreement reached among Big Three to open a second front in early 1944; winter Battle of Stalingrad stopped the German advance into USSR; war turned to Northern Africa and Italy; Allies finally took Rome in June 1944, fighting in northern Italy continued into May 1945.
The War in Europe
D-Day – invasion of France, June 6, 1944; led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower; terrible casualties at Normandy Beach; August 1944 liberated Paris; subsequent bombing of Hamburg and Dresden killed 305,000 civilians and soldiers, with hundreds of thousands injured; winter 1944 Germans attempted an offensive in Belgium (Battle of the Bulge), effort failed; Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, surrender occurred May 8.
The Holocaust – spring of 1945 Allied troops opened the extermination camps; 6 million Jews and a combined 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, “undesirables” killed; mass circulation of images shocked the world; widespread anti-Semitism had kept the U.S. from aiding Jewish refugees during the war years; 21,000 Jews entered U.S. during World War II.

33. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
2. Battle of Kursk
British opposed an invasion in 1942, though FDR said Allies would comply with Stalin’s wishes
American supplies were not ready when 1943 Battle of Kursk began
Soviet army had 860,000 casualties
agreement reached among Big Three to open a second front in early 1944
winter Battle of Stalingrad stopped the German advance into USSR; war turned to Northern Africa and Italy
Allies finally took Rome in June 1944, fighting in northern Italy continued into May 1945.
The War in Europe
1. D-Day
2. The Holocaust
Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
The Big Three – FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, Premier Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union; agreed that defeating Germany was top priority (then Japan), did not agree over how to achieve; Stalin wanted a second front against Germany with an invasion through France.
Battle of Kursk – British opposed an invasion in 1942, though FDR said Allies would comply with Stalin’s wishes; American supplies were not ready when 1943 Battle of Kursk began; Soviet army had 860,000 casualties; agreement reached among Big Three to open a second front in early 1944; winter Battle of Stalingrad stopped the German advance into USSR; war turned to Northern Africa and Italy; Allies finally took Rome in June 1944, fighting in northern Italy continued into May 1945.
The War in Europe
D-Day – invasion of France, June 6, 1944; led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower; terrible casualties at Normandy Beach; August 1944 liberated Paris; subsequent bombing of Hamburg and Dresden killed 305,000 civilians and soldiers, with hundreds of thousands injured; winter 1944 Germans attempted an offensive in Belgium (Battle of the Bulge), effort failed; Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, surrender occurred May 8.
The Holocaust – spring of 1945 Allied troops opened the extermination camps; 6 million Jews and a combined 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, “undesirables” killed; mass circulation of images shocked the world; widespread anti-Semitism had kept the U.S. from aiding Jewish refugees during the war years; 21,000 Jews entered U.S. during World War II.

34. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
B. The War in Europe
1. D-Day
invasion of France, June 6, 1944; led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
terrible casualties at Normandy Beach; August 1944 liberated Paris
subsequent bombing of Hamburg and Dresden killed 305,000 civilians and soldiers, with hundreds of thousands injured
winter 1944 Germans attempted an offensive in Belgium (Battle of the Bulge), effort failed
Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, surrender occurred May 8.
2. The Holocaust
Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
The Big Three – FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, Premier Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union; agreed that defeating Germany was top priority (then Japan), did not agree over how to achieve; Stalin wanted a second front against Germany with an invasion through France.
Battle of Kursk – British opposed an invasion in 1942, though FDR said Allies would comply with Stalin’s wishes; American supplies were not ready when 1943 Battle of Kursk began; Soviet army had 860,000 casualties; agreement reached among Big Three to open a second front in early 1944; winter Battle of Stalingrad stopped the German advance into USSR; war turned to Northern Africa and Italy; Allies finally took Rome in June 1944, fighting in northern Italy continued into May 1945.
The War in Europe
D-Day – invasion of France, June 6, 1944; led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower; terrible casualties at Normandy Beach; August 1944 liberated Paris; subsequent bombing of Hamburg and Dresden killed 305,000 civilians and soldiers, with hundreds of thousands injured; winter 1944 Germans attempted an offensive in Belgium (Battle of the Bulge), effort failed; Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, surrender occurred May 8.
The Holocaust – spring of 1945 Allied troops opened the extermination camps; 6 million Jews and a combined 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, “undesirables” killed; mass circulation of images shocked the world; widespread anti-Semitism had kept the U.S. from aiding Jewish refugees during the war years; 21,000 Jews entered U.S. during World War II.

35. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
B. The War in Europe
2. The Holocaust
spring of 1945 Allied troops opened the extermination camps
6 million Jews and a combined 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, “undesirables” killed
mass circulation of images shocked the world
widespread anti-Semitism had kept the U.S. from aiding Jewish refugees during the war years
21,000 Jews entered U.S. during World War II.
Fighting and Winning the War
Wartime Aims and Tensions
The Big Three – FDR, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, Premier Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union; agreed that defeating Germany was top priority (then Japan), did not agree over how to achieve; Stalin wanted a second front against Germany with an invasion through France.
Battle of Kursk – British opposed an invasion in 1942, though FDR said Allies would comply with Stalin’s wishes; American supplies were not ready when 1943 Battle of Kursk began; Soviet army had 860,000 casualties; agreement reached among Big Three to open a second front in early 1944; winter Battle of Stalingrad stopped the German advance into USSR; war turned to Northern Africa and Italy; Allies finally took Rome in June 1944, fighting in northern Italy continued into May 1945.
The War in Europe
D-Day – invasion of France, June 6, 1944; led by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower; terrible casualties at Normandy Beach; August 1944 liberated Paris; subsequent bombing of Hamburg and Dresden killed 305,000 civilians and soldiers, with hundreds of thousands injured; winter 1944 Germans attempted an offensive in Belgium (Battle of the Bulge), effort failed; Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, surrender occurred May 8.
The Holocaust – spring of 1945 Allied troops opened the extermination camps; 6 million Jews and a combined 6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, “undesirables” killed; mass circulation of images shocked the world; widespread anti-Semitism had kept the U.S. from aiding Jewish refugees during the war years; 21,000 Jews entered U.S. during World War II.

38. 1. What is the central action of this photograph?
(Answer: arrival of Allied forces at Normandy, France, June 6, 1944.)
2. What aspects of American life had to be mobilized for our military to partake in this enormous military operation?
(Answer: society, business, government each contributed to the successes of Allied military forces during the war; drafts/enlistments of men and women into the military; industries mobilized for development and production of goods/materials for the war; the public paid higher taxes, sustained their daily lives through periods of food rationing.)
3. How did war-time mobilization impact the US economy?
(Answer: stimulated growth, raised taxes, grew both the federal budget and national debt; ultimately contributed to the end of depression.)

39. 2. What aspects of American life had to be mobilized for our military to partake in this enormous military operation?
1. What is the central action of this photograph?
(Answer: arrival of Allied forces at Normandy, France, June 6, 1944.)
2. What aspects of American life had to be mobilized for our military to partake in this enormous military operation?
(Answer: society, business, government each contributed to the successes of Allied military forces during the war; drafts/enlistments of men and women into the military; industries mobilized for development and production of goods/materials for the war; the public paid higher taxes, sustained their daily lives through periods of food rationing.)
3. How did war-time mobilization impact the US economy?
(Answer: stimulated growth, raised taxes, grew both the federal budget and national debt; ultimately contributed to the end of depression.)

40. 1. According to historians, President Roosevelt argued that victory over Hitler and Nazism would be the most effective way to end the Holocaust. In your opinion, was Roosevelt right? Why/why not?
1. According to historians, President Roosevelt argued that victory over Hitler and Nazism would be the most effective way to end the Holocaust. In your opinion, was Roosevelt right? Why/why not?
(Answer: students might discuss the arguments made against US intervention in Hitler’s “final solution,” including concerns over flooding the nation with refugees, the economic challenges of the depression and recovery; should also consider the failure of the media and American religious organizations, Jew and non-Jews, to publicize the crisis as it occurred.)

41. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
1. Naval Victories
through May 1942 the American Navy did not fare well in the Pacific
crippled at Pearl Harbor, surrendered in the Philippines, Bataan “death march” killed 10,000 American POWs
Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway were important victories
early in 1945 victory appeared to be in sight though the death toll in the Pacific was horrendous (13,000 Marines killed on the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa).
2. Racial Overtones
3. Manhattan Project
Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
Naval Victories – through May 1942 the American Navy did not fare well in the Pacific; crippled at Pearl Harbor, surrendered in the Philippines, Bataan “death march” killed 10,000 American POWs; Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway were important victories; early in 1945 victory appeared to be in sight though the death toll in the Pacific was horrendous (13,000 Marines killed on the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa).
Racial Overtones – anti-Asian sentiment rampant in U.S.; Asians referred to as “yellow monkeys.”
Manhattan Project – 1942 scientists at the University of Chicago produced first controlled atomic chain reaction; persuaded FDR to develop an atomic weapon, believing the Germans to be working on the same; Project cost $2 billion, employed 120,000 people; hidden from Congress, the public, VP Truman; successfully tested July 16, 1945; Truman ordered the bomb used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug. 6 and 9), arguing that that Japanese would not surrender until their country was devastated, believing that an invasion of Japan would have horrible casualties for the U.S. military; Truman wanted to surprise Stalin, but he already knew of the weapon because of spies; Japanese surrendered on August 10. 41

42. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
2. Racial Overtones
anti-Asian sentiment rampant in U.S.
Asians referred to as “yellow monkeys.”
Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
Naval Victories – through May 1942 the American Navy did not fare well in the Pacific; crippled at Pearl Harbor, surrendered in the Philippines, Bataan “death march” killed 10,000 American POWs; Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway were important victories; early in 1945 victory appeared to be in sight though the death toll in the Pacific was horrendous (13,000 Marines killed on the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa).
Racial Overtones – anti-Asian sentiment rampant in U.S.; Asians referred to as “yellow monkeys.”
Manhattan Project – 1942 scientists at the University of Chicago produced first controlled atomic chain reaction; persuaded FDR to develop an atomic weapon, believing the Germans to be working on the same; Project cost $2 billion, employed 120,000 people; hidden from Congress, the public, VP Truman; successfully tested July 16, 1945; Truman ordered the bomb used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug. 6 and 9), arguing that that Japanese would not surrender until their country was devastated, believing that an invasion of Japan would have horrible casualties for the U.S. military; Truman wanted to surprise Stalin, but he already knew of the weapon because of spies; Japanese surrendered on August 10. 42

43. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
3. Manhattan Project
1942 scientists at the University of Chicago produced first controlled atomic chain reaction
persuaded FDR to develop an atomic weapon, believing the Germans to be working on the same
Project cost $2 billion, employed 120,000 people
hidden from Congress, the public, VP Truman; successfully tested July 16, 1945
Truman ordered the bomb used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug. 6 and 9), arguing that that Japanese would not surrender until their country was devastated, believing that an invasion of Japan would have horrible casualties for the U.S. military
Truman wanted to surprise Stalin, but he already knew of the weapon because of spies
Japanese surrendered on August 10.
Fighting and Winning the War
The War in the Pacific
Naval Victories – through May 1942 the American Navy did not fare well in the Pacific; crippled at Pearl Harbor, surrendered in the Philippines, Bataan “death march” killed 10,000 American POWs; Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway were important victories; early in 1945 victory appeared to be in sight though the death toll in the Pacific was horrendous (13,000 Marines killed on the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa).
Racial Overtones – anti-Asian sentiment rampant in U.S.; Asians referred to as “yellow monkeys.”
Manhattan Project – 1942 scientists at the University of Chicago produced first controlled atomic chain reaction; persuaded FDR to develop an atomic weapon, believing the Germans to be working on the same; Project cost $2 billion, employed 120,000 people; hidden from Congress, the public, VP Truman; successfully tested July 16, 1945; Truman ordered the bomb used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug. 6 and 9), arguing that that Japanese would not surrender until their country was devastated, believing that an invasion of Japan would have horrible casualties for the U.S. military; Truman wanted to surprise Stalin, but he already knew of the weapon because of spies; Japanese surrendered on August 10. 43

46. 1. Who were the “Big Three”?
(Answer: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin)
2. What was the intent of their war-time meeting at Yalta, a resort in the Black Sea?
(Answer: February 1945 the three met to talk about post-war plans for Europe and Asia; they discussed British colonies, the Soviet decision to enter the war in the Pacific against Japan following German surrender, and the Soviet desire for a buffer zone between the Soviet Union’s western border and the rest of Europe.)
3. What efforts did the Big Three make at Yalta to avoid a third world war?
(Answer: discussed plans for an international organization or “United Nations” with a Security Council of the US, Britain, France, China, and the USSR.)

47. 2. What was the intent of their war-time meeting at Yalta, a resort in the Black Sea?
1. Who were the “Big Three”?
(Answer: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin)
2. What was the intent of their war-time meeting at Yalta, a resort in the Black Sea?
(Answer: February 1945 the three met to talk about post-war plans for Europe and Asia; they discussed British colonies, the Soviet decision to enter the war in the Pacific against Japan following German surrender, and the Soviet desire for a buffer zone between the Soviet Union’s western border and the rest of Europe.)
3. What efforts did the Big Three make at Yalta to avoid a third world war?
(Answer: discussed plans for an international organization or “United Nations” with a Security Council of the US, Britain, France, China, and the USSR.)

48. 1. Examine this image of Hiroshima more than six months after the atomic bomb was dropped. Can you identify any symbols of Japanese culture in this photograph?
1. Examine this image of Hiroshima more than six months after the atomic bomb was dropped. Can you identify any symbols of Japanese culture in this photograph?
(Answer: the destruction caused by the atomic bomb was so profound that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the identity of this city.)
2. How did the physical condition of Japanese cities like Hiroshima and Nagasaki impact the United States after 1945?
(Answer: the massive task of rebuilding parts of Asia had significant political implications; control of post-war reconstruction of a nation after the Second World War meant the opportunity to influence that nation’s government and economy; US government officials feared that instability in war-ravaged nations might lead to political radicalism; being the sole western nation influential in Japan at war’s end was central to maintaining the upper hand in the Cold War with the Soviet Union.)

49. 2. How did the physical condition of Japanese cities like Hiroshima and Nagasaki impact the United States after 1945?
1. Examine this image of Hiroshima more than six months after the atomic bomb was dropped. Can you identify any symbols of Japanese culture in this photograph?
(Answer: the destruction caused by the atomic bomb was so profound that it is virtually impossible to distinguish the identity of this city.)
2. How did the physical condition of Japanese cities like Hiroshima and Nagasaki impact the United States after 1945?
(Answer: the massive task of rebuilding parts of Asia had significant political implications; control of post-war reconstruction of a nation after the Second World War meant the opportunity to influence that nation’s government and economy; US government officials feared that instability in war-ravaged nations might lead to political radicalism; being the sole western nation influential in Japan at war’s end was central to maintaining the upper hand in the Cold War with the Soviet Union.)

50. IV. Fighting and Winning the War
Planning the Postwar World
1. Yalta
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met
debates over British and French colonies and the future of central and eastern Europe
decided to divide Germany into four administrative zones and a partition of Berlin
tensions grew.
2. A United Nations
the Big Three wanted to create an international body to replace League of Nations
plan for a United Nations with a Security Council of five major powers (U.S., Britain, France, China, USSR) to convene in San Francisco in April 1945.
Fighting and Winning the War
Planning the Postwar World
Yalta – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met; debates over British and French colonies and the future of central and eastern Europe; decided to divide Germany into four administrative zones and a partition of Berlin; tensions grew.
A United Nations – the Big Three wanted to create an international body to replace League of Nations; plan for a United Nations with a Security Council of five major powers (U.S., Britain, France, China, USSR) to convene in San Francisco in April 1945.