1. METHODS IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH NINTH EDITION PAUL C. COZBY Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. CHAPTER 9 CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVESS Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable Describe the three types of dependent variable: self-report, behavioral, and physiological

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVESS Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations List the reasons for conducting pilot studies Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment

5. SELECTING RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Samples May Be Drawn From the Population Using: Probability sampling Nonprobability sampling Determine the Sample Size Larger samples provide more accurate estimates of population values

6. MANIPULATING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Setting the Stage Types of Manipulations Straightforward manipulations Staged manipulations confederate Strength of Manipulation Cost of the Manipulation

7. MANIPULATING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

8. MEASURING THE DEPENDENT VARIBLE Types of Measures Self-report measures Behavioral measures Physiological measures Galvanic skin response (GSR) Electromyogram (EMG) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional MRI (fMRI)

9. MEASURING THE DEPENDENT VARIBLE Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable Ceiling effect Floor effect Multiple Measures Cost Measures Ethics

10. ADDITIONAL CONTROLS Controlling for Participant Expectations Demand characteristics Filler items on a questionnaire Placebo groups Placebo effect

11. ADDITIONAL CONTROLS Controlling for Experimenter Expectations Experimenter bias Expectancy effects Research on expectancy effects Solutions to the expectancy problem Single-blind experiment Double-blind experiment

12. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Research Proposals Pilot Studies Manipulation Checks Debriefing

13. ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING RESULTS Statistical Analysis of the Data Examine and Interpret the Pattern of Results Decide whether there really is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

14. COMMUNICATING RESEARCH TO OTHERS Professional Meetings Journal Articles Peer Review As many as 90% of papers submitted to the more prestigious journals are rejected