1. The Reformation & Counter-Reformation
(1500s Europe)

2. How did the Renaissance lead to the Protestant Reformation?
(Class document handouts)

3. Document 1 The Medieval R.C. Church
Describe the role of the RCC in the Middle Ages.

4. Document 2 The Renaissance
How did the introduction of new trade around 1300 change Europe?

5. Document 3 Humanism
How did the ideas of the Humanists differ from those of people during the Middle Ages?

6. Document 4 The Renaissance Church
How did the Church pay for the religious masterpieces of art created during the Renaissance such as DaVinci’s Last Supper?

7. Document 5 The Printing Press
What were Gutenberg’s first projects for reproduction? What effect would the availability of books have on society?

8. Document 6 Johann Tetzel
What is an indulgence? Why would an everyday person in the early 1500s buy an indulgence from Tetzel?

9. Document 7 Martin Luther
Why would Martin Luther give credibility to the protest against the abuses of the RCC? How do you think the pope will react to Luther’s actions?

10. John Calvin (1509-1564) French Priest
1536 published The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Christians could only reach heaven through faith alone
Predestination – the belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation
Church is led by local council of ministers
Followed strict code of conduct (no fighting, swearing, drunkenness, gambling, card playing or dancing)
Set-up a model community in Geneva, Switzerland

11. Henry VIII (1491-1547) King of England
After 18 years of marriage, Henry & his wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spain), had only one child, a daughter named Mary
He asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine in an effort to remarry and obtain a male heir (common practice during the time since the Catholic Church does not allow divorce)
The pope refused Henry’s request since the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was Catherine’s nephew
Why does Henry want a male heir? Predict how Henry will react to the pope’s refusal.

12. Henry’s Supremacy 1534 Act of Supremacy Reaction in England
Created the Church of England
Made Henry head of the Church (not the pope)
Kept Catholic doctrines & forms of worship
Reaction in England
Devout Catholics opposed
1535 Thomas More (Utopia) beheaded for treason
Henry closed monasteries & convents and seized Church land
Henry’s Supremacy
What was Henry’s goal for all of these changes? Should Henry be considered part of the Reformation?

13. Henry’s Wives Archbishop Thomas Cranmer annulled Henry’s
marriage to Catherine in Catherine is
separated from Mary, banished from court
& 4 years later, died of a broken heart.
Catherine of Aragon m
Henry marries Anne Boleyn (Catherine’s lady
in waiting) in 1533 & they have a daughter,
Elizabeth. Anne falls out of Henry’s favor after
a still-born son. She is executed on false
evidence for treason in 1536.
Anne Boleyn m
Eleven days after Anne’s execution, he married
her lady in waiting, Jane Seymour. Jane
gave birth to a boy, Edward, but died after
complications 12 days later.
Jane Seymour m

14. Henry’s Wives (cont.) Thomas Cromwell, his Chief Minister,
persuaded Henry to marry Anne for an alliance
with Germany, as Anne's father was the Duke.
However, Henry didn’t find her attractive
& they divorced amicably.
Anne of Cleves
m Jan. - July
Kathryn was a cousin of Anne Boleyn. She was
19 when she married Henry (he was 50). She
was accused of having lovers & was
beheaded in 1542 (with the lovers).
Kathryn Howard m
Katherine became a companion and nurse for
Henry in old age. She reunited him with
his children, who all came back to court before
his death in 1547.
Katherine Parr m

15. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death?
Henry VIII’s will gave the throne to his children: Edward (if no male heirs)  Mary (if no male heirs)  Elizabeth (if no male heirs)  Henry’s younger sister & her family (they were Protestant)
1547 – Edward succeeded Henry at 9 years old to become Edward VI.
The young king was surrounded by Protestant officials who pushed for Calvinist reforms.
Thomas Cranmer drew up the Book of Common Prayer
Imposed moderate form of Protestant service
Why did these reforms spark violence in England?

16. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.)
Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 (at 15) w/o an heir  he gave the throne to his cousin Jane Grey (bypassing his sisters)
Jane was queen for 9 days until one-by-one, the counties proclaimed Mary queen.
Mary became queen in 1553 (at 37) & married her cousin, Philip II of Spain (at 27), the son & heir of Charles V (HRE)
Many English were unhappy w/ a Catholic monarch & plots against the queen began  Mary responded w/ executing 300 people & earning her nickname “Bloody Mary”)
Why didn’t Edward want his sisters to become queen?

17. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.)
Mary fell ill in the spring of 1558 & died that fall w/o an heir  the crown passed to Elizabeth
Avoiding religious tension – she adopted the Act of Uniformity (a religious compromise of Protestant belief and Catholic practice that became known as Anglican
Book of Common Prayer reestablished
The monarch headed of the Church
Latin was the language of the Church
Catholic hierarchy was kept
England was firmly a Protestant nation
Why did Elizabeth adopt the Act of Uniformity?