1. Genetics Notes

2. Lab 54 1. There can be many different traits for a human characteristic. 2. Inherited traits are passed from parents to offspring.

3. Lab 54 3. No two humans are exactly the same – even identical twins.

4. Lab 54 4. Variation of skin tone/color: A. Skin color varies according to the amount of melanin. B. Darker skin has more melanin and this protects the skin against the damaging effects of solar radiation.

5. Lab 55 1. Plants have genes also. 2. All living organisms have genetic information. 3. Genes determine which traits we inherit. 4. Genes are passed from parents to offspring.

6. Lab 55 5. Some genes can skip a generation.

7. Lab 56 1. Some medical conditions and diseases are genetic, such as Marfan syndrome 2. Marfan syndrome affects a person’s connective tissue.

8. 3. Understanding genetics can help individuals make decisions about genetic testing.

9. Lab 57 1. Genes are the units of information for inherited traits that parents transmit to their offspring.

10. Lab 57 2. Reproduction can be sexual or asexual. 3. Some organisms reproduce using both methods – sexual and asexual.

11. Lab 57 4. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring A. These offspring are called “clones” of the parent. B. Animals have been cloned but not humans.

12. Lab 57 5. Sexual reproduction involves the union of two sex cells – the egg cell and the sperm cell.

13. Lab 58 1. Genes are units of information for inherited traits that parents pass to their offspring. 2. Breeding is the mating of two individuals to produce an offspring.

14. Lab 58 3. Offspring get half of their genetic information from each parent.

15. Lab 59 1. Creating models is one way to understand and communicate scientific information.

16. Lab 59 2. If a critter is Tt, there is a 50-50 chance that a parent can pass the blue or orange allele to their offspring.

17. Lab 59 3. Genetic shorthand for representing dominant or recessive traits can be any upper or lower case letters. Ex. T= tails = blue t= head = orange

18. Lab 60 1. Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics.

19. Lab 60 2. Mendel studied a number of different traits of pea plants.

20. Lab 60 3. Scientists use careful observations, math and experiments to solve problems.

21. Lab 61 1. Genetic crosses can be analyzed by using a Punnett Square.

22. Lab 61 2. TT or tt are examples of homozygous alleles because they have only one kind of alleles for a trait.

23. Lab 61 3. Tt is an example of a heterozygous allele because the organism has alleles for two different traits.

24. Lab 61 4. A Punnett Square is a visual representation of the probabilities of offspring outcomes.

25. Lab 63 1. Single cell organisms use cell division to reproduce.

26. Lab 63 2. Multicellular organisms use cell division to replace or repair cells and to grow and develop.

27. Lab 63 3. The number of chromosomes in the sperm and egg cells must be half the number of chromosomes in the other cells of an organism. They join to become a fertilized egg.

28. Lab 63 4. Two children with the same parents would have the same chromosomes but may not be alike since each chromosome contains two alleles for each trait and they can be different.

29. Lab 63 5. Genes provide instructions to the cell. The instructions are changed during a mutation that causes a change.