1. TECNICAL ENGLISH SANTIAGO ORTIZ MARCO PROAÑO NELSON REYES SEVENTH - LEVEL

2. UNIT 23 PROGRAM DESIGN

3. 1. Warm up A.) In pairs, try to think of han answer for the question: What is programming? Look at the definition in the Glossary. Is it similiar to yours?

4. B.) Complete the following definitions with the words and phrases in the box. 1. Warm up the various parts of the program may occur in programs language binary numbers a given problem

5. 1. algorithm The step-by-step specification of how to reach the solution to ____a given problem____ 2. flowchart A diagram representing the logical sequence between _the various parts of the program_ 3. coding The translation of the logical steps into a programming ____language_____

6. 4. machine code The basic instructions understood by computers. The processor operates on codes which consist of ___binary numbers___ 5. debugging The techniques of detecting, diagnosing and correcting errors (or ‘bugs’) which _____may occur in programs_____

7. 2. Listening A.) Listen to Lucy Boyd, a software developer, explaining how a program is produced. Number these steps in the order you hear them. 5 Provide documentation of the program. Understand the problem and plan the solution. Test and correct the program. Make a flowchart of the pogram. Write the instructions in coded from and compile the program. 1 4 2 3

8. 3. Reading Read the text and find answers to these quetions. 1.Do computers understand human languages? No they cannot understand any human languages 2. What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages? The main difference is that low-level language is similar to the machine language and the high-level needs to be translated to machine language 3. What is an assembler? Is a special program that converts the code into machine code.

9. 3. Reading 4. What is the function of compilers? It generates an object program 5. What do you understand by the terms source program and object program? The source program is the program written in any language like Pascal or Fortran and the object program is the runable program. 6. In the future, could computers be programmed in Spanish, French or Japanese? Yes because some scientists are working in artificial intelligence for the computers to understand human languages.

11. 4. Word Building A. Look at the groups of words and decide what part of speech each word is. Then Complete the sentences with the correct word. 1. Programs written in a high-level language require………………….., or translation into machine code. 2. A…………………….. Generates several low-level instructions for each source language statement. 3. Programers usually …………………………… their programs to create an objct program and diagnose possible errors.

12. 4. Word Building A. Look at the groups of words and decide what part of speech each word is. Then Complete the sentences with the correct word. 1. Programs written in a high-level language require compilation, or translation into machine code. 2. A compiler Generates several low-level instructions for each source language statement. 3. Programers usually compile their programs to create an objct program and diagnose possible errors.

13. 4. Word Building 4. Most computer ……………… make a plan of the program before they write it. This plan is called a flowchart. 5. A computer …………. Is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. 6. Converting an algorithm into a secuence of instructios in a programming language is called………

14. 4. Word Building 4. Most computer programmers make a plan of the program before they write it. This plan is called a flowchart. 5. A computer program Is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. 6. Converting an algorithm into a secuence of instructios in a programming language is called programming

15. 4. Word Building 7. New programs need …………….. To make them work properly. 8. Any error or malfunction of a computer program is known as a ………………….. 9. The best compilers usually include an integrated ……………. Which detects syntax errors.

16. 4. Word Building 7. New programs need debbuging to make them work properly. 8. Any error or malfunction of a computer program is known as a bug. 9. The best compilers usually include an integrated debugger which detects syntax errors.

17. 4. Word Building B. In the word debug the prefix de- is used. This prefix means ‘to reverse an action’. Here are a few more examples. Write down the base form of each verb. What do the verbs mean in your language? And what do the verbs with de- mean?.

18. 4. Word Building de-Base Formde- MeaningB. Form Meaning Frostdescongelarcongelar Briefcorto ClassifyDesclasificarClasificar CodedecodificarCódigo ComposeDescomponerComponer CentralizeDescentralizarCentralizar

19. 5. Language work: Infinitive constructions A. Make sentences as in the example. Example Not easy/write instructions in Pascal It is not easy to write instructions in Pascal. 1. Advisable/test the program under different conditions. 2. Expensive/set up a data-processing area. 3. unsual for a program/ work correctly the first time it is tested. 4. Difficult for student/learn FORTRAN. 5. Important/consider the capabilities of the programming language 6. Quite busy/write instructions in BASIC.

20. 5. Language work: Infinitive constructions 1. Advisable/test the program under different conditions. 2. Expensive/set up a data-processing area. 3. unsual for a program/ work correctly the first time it is tested. 4. Difficult for student/learn FORTRAN. 5. Important/consider the capabilities of the programming language 6. Quite busy/write instructions in BASIC. 1. It is advisable to test the program under different conditions. 2. It is expensive to set up a data-processing area. 3. It is unsual for a program to work correctly the first time it is tested. 4. It is difficult for students to learn FORTRAN. 5. It is important to consider the capabilities of the programming language 6. It is quite busy to write instructions in BASIC.

21. 5. Language work: Infinitive constructions B. Read the information in the HELP box and then look again at the reading passage in Task 3. underline the infinitive constructios after modal verbs. Example Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken English … HELP Box Infinitive constructions The infinitive is used: After adjectives It is difficult to use machine code. After modal verbs with to: ought to, used to I ought to make a back-up copy. Using a computer is much easier than it used to be. After modal and auxiliary verbs without to: can, could, may, might, should, will, would, would rather, would sooner Unfortunately, computers can’t understand English I’d rather buy a game than a spreadsheet.

22. 5. Language work: Infinitive constructions C. Look at these pairs of examples where there is an ‘important’ change in meaning.. 1. a. I remember shuting down the computer before I left the room. b. Please remember to buy the new program. 2. a. They stopped to look at the flowchart. b. They stopped loking at the flowchart. 3. a. I like studying C language. b. I like to study C language in the evenings. 4. a. It has started to rain. b. It has started to raining. 5. a. He needs to work harder. b. This hard disk needs repairing.