1. Vary in speed and distance San Francisco, on North Amer. Plate moves southeast about 5 cm. per year If weighted down by continents move only a few millimeters per year Large Plates Movement varies in speed and distance Considered small, the Caribbean and Arabian Plates are fairly large Plates that lack landmasses move as much as several centimeters per year Small Plates Movement of Lithospheric Plates

2. © 2004 Edwin Ellis www.GraphicOrganizers.com Word Banners Term Definition Related Word Term Definition Related Word Term Definition Related Word Term Definition Related Word glacier Billions of tons of snow packed together to form a solid mass of ice Ice bergSnow & ice sediment Rocks, and dirt produced by glacier rubbing against mountains residuedregs moraine Huge piles of rocks the glacier picks up as it slowly flows down a valley residuedregs crevice fracturefissure Giant crack, commonly found on glaciers & the sides of mountains

3. Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundaries Occur at mid-ocean ridges Plates move apart (diverge) also called Constructive Boundaries Convergent Boundaries Plates form at trenches also called Destructive Boundaries Severe Earth- quakes form here Strike-slip boundaries Also called Conservative Boundary 2 Plates grind & slip past Horizontally Formed by lateral faults

4. TOPIC Tools used to Study the Earth and Ocean Main Idea Details Measurement Tools Laser range finders, Clinometers, Magneto- meters,& gravimeters Main Idea Details Hand lens or Caliper For close observations or measuring irregular objects Main Idea Details Soil Augers & Drills Help to sample material beneath the ground’s surface Main Idea Details Rock Hammer Often used with a rock chisel to split rocks or crack specimens Main Idea Details Crusher Pulverizes a specimen for chemical analysis Main Idea Details Cloth or Plastic Bags For gathering specimens to take to the labs for further study

6. Vary in speed and distance San Francisco, on North Amer. Plate moves southeast about 5 cm. per year If weighted down by continents move only a few millimeters per year Large Plates Movement varies in speed and distance Considered small, the Caribbean and Arabian Plates are fairly large Plates that lack landmasses move as much as several centimeters per year Small Plates Movement of Lithospheric Plates

7. So what? What is important to understand about this? The evolution of Earth’s living things is strongly linked to movement of the lithospheric plates Plate Tectonics and Life on Earth Is about … The ability of living things to respond to changes in the environment Which then caused this … Basic Patterns Occur Over and Over Diversity Increases Or Decreases Diversity Decreases Diversity Increases Caused this … Living things respond to changes in order to survive Limits the types of living things with which a species can interact Animals that compete with the most success survive; the rest die out Big landmasses: animals can easily move to suitable places avoiding more challenging environments Small landmasses: animals adapt to local conditions, & are cut off from competitors & enemies This … Changes in the Environment Movement of plates causes changes in climate & geographic features When landmasses join together When landmasses spilt apart When landmasses split apart

8. So what? What is important to understand about this? The evolution of Earth’s living things is strongly linked to movement of the lithospheric plates Plate Tectonics and Life on Earth Is about … The ability of living things to respond to changes in the environment Which led to this … Basic Patterns Occur Over and Over Diversity Increases OR Decreases Diversity Decreases Diversity Increases Caused this … Living things respond to changes in order to survive Limits the types of living things with which a species can interact Animals that compete with the most success survive; the rest die out Big landmasses: animals can easily move to suitable places avoiding more challenging environments Small landmasses: animals adapt to local conditions, & are cut off from competitors & enemies This … Changes in the Environment Movement of plates causes changes in climate & geographic features When landmasses join together When landmasses spilt apart When landmasses split apart

9. Scientist living after the theory Evidence of continental drift and ocean-floor spreading, convinced scientists that the earth’s crust consisted of giant plates that slowly moved. As they collide and push against each other, they cause earth quakes and volcanoes. Mountains are caused by one plate pushing another up. Continents are parts of plates seen above ocean surface, and they very slowly change shape as plates move around. Someone Who Lives NOW How this individual might view the theory now Scientist living before the theory Many believed the earth’s crust consisted on one solid mass that had varying degrees of thickness. They thought that thinner crusted areas were more likely to have volcanoes and earth quakes. Scientists had very poor ability predict volcanoes or earthquakes. Someone Who Lived THEN How this individual might have viewed the theory at that time Plate Tectonics Point in time the theory emerged and/or became influential By the 1960’s Why was this theory important? Pate tectonics theory provided a framework for understanding causes of volcanoes, earthquakes, and other processes of physical earth; this led to instruments that allow scientist to predict earthquakes and volcanoes, and thus warn people of the coming danger. Significant THEORY

10. So what? What is important to understand about this theory? © 2004 Edwin Ellis Graphicorganizers.co m Explains the movement of Earth’s crust and its affect on life Is about a theory that … Overwhelming evidence for continental drift and spreading of ocean- floors Volcanoes & earthquakes occurring in patterns and along lines in different areas of planet Evidence that mountains were formed by something pushing them up from the earth’s crust ACTIONS that result from the theory IMPACT of this theory on the world Factors that INFLUENCED the development of this theory Theory completely changed our understanding of how continents are formed and change over time. It explained a array of physical processes such as why earthquakes and volcanoes occur and how landforms develop. We can now predict where minerals are most likely to be found (i.e., oil). Scientists identified seven different plates. Devices were invented that measured vibrations in earth’s surface and movement of plates. These devices led to invention of warning networks that alert people that a volcano is about to erupt or that a tsunami may be coming Plate Tectonics THEORY Theory of Plate Tectonics helps scientist to understand the continuing evolution of Earth’s surface and how it affects the evolution of Earth’s living things. So what? What is important to understand about this theory?