1. Plate Tectonics: Earth's Plates and Continental Drift

2. Questions we will answer:
How is the earth always changing?
What forces inside the earth create and change landforms on the surface?
What happens when the plates crash together, pull apart, and slide against each other?

3. Review - The Earth’s Layers
The Earth is made of many different and distinct layers.
The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the outer layers.
Natural forces interact with and affect the earth’s crust, creating landforms, or natural features, found on the surface of the earth.

4. Layers of the Earth
crust - the rigid, rocky outer surface of the Earth, composed mostly of basalt and granite. The crust is thinner under the oceans.
mantle - a rocky layer located under the crust - it is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. Convection (heat) currents carry heat from the hot inner mantle to the cooler outer mantle.
outer core - the molten iron-nickel layer that surrounds the inner core.
inner core - the solid iron-nickel center of the Earth that is very hot and under great pressure.

5. Land and Water
More than 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, mainly the salt water of oceans and seas.
Photographs of the earth taken from space show clearly that it is a truly a ”watery planet.”

6. List the continents in your notes.
Land
The large landmasses in the oceans are called continents.
List the continents in your notes.

7. Types of Landforms
Landforms are commonly classified according to differences in relief.
The relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points.
The major types of landforms are mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.

8. DID YOU KNOW?
…that the continents and oceans are moving across the surface of the planet?
…that volcanoes and earthquakes, as well as mountain ranges and islands, all are results of this movement.
Why is this?

9. Plate Tectonics

10. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth’s outer shell is not one solid piece of rock. Instead the earth’s crust is broken into a number of moving plates.

11. The idea that the earth’s landmasses have broken apart, rejoined, and moved to other parts of the globe forms part of the plate tectonic theory.
Most of these changes in the earth’s surface takes place so slowly that they are not immediately noticeable to the human eye.
Stop here to discuss theories and complete the ring of truth activity.

12. Plate Tectonic Theory
About forty years ago, scientists exploring the seafloor found that it is full of tall mountains and deep trenches.
A single seafloor mountain chain circles Earth and contains some of Earth’s tallest mountains.

13. Plate Tectonic Theory
Along this mountain chain is a deep crack in the top layers of earth.
Here the seafloor is pulling apart and the two parts are moving in opposite directions, carrying along the continents and oceans that rest on top of them.
These pieces of Earth’s top layer are called tectonic plates.
They are moving very slowly, but constantly. (Most plates are moving about as fast as your fingernails are growing -- not very fast!)
These plates but slide over a hot and bendable layer of the mantle.
Currently Earth’s surface layers are divided into nine very large plates and several smaller ones.

14. Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading.
To really understand how the earth became to look as it does today, and the theory of plate tectonics, you also need to become familiar with two other ideas:
Continental Drift
and
Seafloor Spreading.

15. Continental Drift
In a group, cut out the continents and shape them into one large land mass.
Less than 100 years ago, many scientists thought the continents always had been the same shape and in the same place.
A few scientists noted that the eastern coastline of South America and the western coastline of Africa looked as if they could fit together.
Some also noted that, with a little imagination, all the continents could be joined together like giant puzzle pieces to create one large continent surrounded by one huge ocean.

16. So, if my contintents fit together, why does the earth look like it does today?
When the tectonic plates under the continents and oceans move, they carry the continents and oceans with them.
In the early 1900s a German explorer and scientist proposed the continental drift theory. He proposed that there was once a single “supercontinent” called Pangaea.

17. Wegner’s theory was that about 180 million years ago, Pangaea began to break up into separate continents. To back this theory up, he perserved remains and evidence from ancient animals and plants from South America, Africa, India, and Australia that were almost identical.

18. Seafloor Spreading
The other theory theory supporting plate tectonics emerged from the study of the ocean floor.
Scientists were suprised to find that rocks taken from the ocean floor were much younger than those found on the continents.

19. Plate motions also can be looked at into the future, and we can have a stab at what the geography of the planet will be like. Perhaps in 250 million years time there will be a new supercontinent.

20. Turn to your neighbor and discuss.
What two theories help make up the theory of plate tectonics?

21. So....
When a geologist or a geographer looks at a piece of land they often ask, ”What forces shaped the mountains, plains, and other landforms that are here?”

22. What is their answer? Plate Tectonics
But this doesn’t actually tell me how the mountains or volcanoes were formed, or how earthquakes happen, does it?

23. YES! As mentioned earlier, those tectonic plates are always moving by:
pulling away from each other
crashing head-on
or sliding past each other.
Depending on which way these plates are moving will decide what is happening on the earth where you and I are standing.

24. They’re Pulling Apart!
When plates pull away from one another they form a diverging plate boundary, or spreading zone.
Thingvellir, the spreading zone in Iceland between the North American (left side) and Eurasian (right side) tectonic plates. January 2003.

25. When they Crash!
When two plates of the same type meet, the result is a process called converging.
Depending on what type of plates these are, depends on what occurs.

26. And they’re both ocean plates!
Converging... They crash!
And they’re both ocean plates!
When both are oceanic plates, one slides under the other. Often an island group forms at this boundary.

27. Converging...They Crash! And they’re both Continental Plates
When both are continental plates, the plates push against each other, creating mountain ranges.

28. They Crash and are both continental plates!
Earth’s highest mountain range, the Himalayas, was formed millions of years ago when the Indo-Australian Plate crashed into the Eurasian Plate. Even today, the Indo-Australian Plate continues to push against the Eurasian Plate at a rate of about 5 cm a year!

29. They meet and slide past each other!
Sometimes, instead of pulling away from each other or colliding with each other, plates slip or grind past each other along faults.
This process is known as faulting.
These areas are likely to have a rift valley, earthquake, and volcanic action.

30. They meet and slide past each other!
Example: The San Andreas Fault lies on the boundary between two tectonic plates, the north American Plate and the Pacific Plate.
The two plates are sliding past each other at a rate of 5 to 6 centimeters each year.
This fault frequently plagues California with earthquakes.