MENOUF UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

MENOUF UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme
Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States Rapid Urban Sector Profiling for Sustainability (RUSPS) Project Designed by UN-HABITAT, Implemented By GOPP, Ministry Of Housing, Infrastructure & Urban Development and Financed by Cities Alliance, UN-HABITAT & World Bank MENOUF

This report was prepared by the RUSPS team of Egypt elaborating on information collected through interviews with key urban actors in Menouf and a city consultation facilitated by the team members. This project and report were managed and supervised by Ali El Faramawy and important inputs were provided by Has-sanien Abouzeid, Abdelwahab Helmy, Moustafa Madbouly, Ghada Farouk Hassan, Heba Aboul Fadl, Mohab El Refaie, Doaa El Sherif, Alia El Mahdi, Anwar El Nakeeb and Mohamed Eid, with the assistance of Ahmed El Fay-oumy and Ahmed Samy. Graphic editing by Ghada Farouk Hassan The designation employed and the presentation of the material in the publication do not imply the impression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, terri-tory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its eco-nomic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessar-ily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Development Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Govern-ing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States. Excerpts from this publication may be reproduced without authorisation, on condition that the source is indicated. © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2006 HS Number: N/A ISBN Number: N/A United Nations Human Settlements Programme Publications can be obtained from UN-HABITAT Regional and In-formation Offices or directly from: United Nations Human Settlements Programme P.O. Box 30030, GPO Nairobi, Kenya Fax: (25420) /7 Website:

FOREWORD In Egypt, the RUSPS has been implemented in Alex-andria and Suez and has extended to five other cities. Two sectors were added (economy and infrastructure) and in Rosetta an additional sector (heritage) was fur-ther required. More importantly, the RUSPS has been adapted to a variety of needs and has served many na-tional programmes and projects. I wish to acknowledge the contribution of the team in Nairobi with the leadership of Dr. Mohamed El-Sioufi, the efforts of Dr. Ali El-Faramawy, UN-HABITAT Programme Manager in Egypt, and Dr. Hazem El-Koeidy, Chairman of the General Organization for Physical Planning. Furthermore, I wish to thank the local team of experts implementing and adapting the RUSPS in Egypt, namely Dr. Ghada Farouk, Dr. Mo-hab El-Refaei, Dr. Hebatallah Abou El-Fadl, Dr. Mo-stafa Madbouly, Dr. Doaa El-Sherif, Dr. Hassanein Abou Zied, Dr. Abdel Waab Helmy, and Dr. Mohamed Eid, as well as the many planners, architects, and engi-neers supporting the team. I would like to wish the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development and all who have participated in and supported this initiative success in implementing the various programmes that were based on the RUSPS method. I am also looking forward to supporting fur-ther efforts in the development of Egypt’s urban sector. Anna K. Tibaijuka Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, and Executive Director UN-HABITAT Egyptian cities are confronted in the new millennium with the problem of accommodating rapidly growing populations in cities and providing them with tenure, infrastructure, and shelter while ensuring sustainability and enhancing economic growth. As part of our drive to address this crisis, UN-HABITAT is working with the European Commission (EC) and other partners to support sustainable development around the world. Given the urgent and diverse needs, the agency found it necessary to develop a tool for rapid assessment to guide immediate and mid- and long-term interventions. In 2004, UN-HABITAT’s Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States took the initiative to develop the approach further for applica-tion in over 24 countries. This was achieved through collaboration with many departments within the agency. The implementation of RUSPS was supported by the Governments of Italy, Belgium, and the Nether-lands as well as Cities Alliance, the World Bank, and the German Association for Technological Cooperation (GTZ) in Egypt. The idea behind RUSPS is to help formulate urban poverty reduction policies at the local, national, and regional levels through a rapid, participatory, crosscut-ting, holistic, and action-oriented assessment of needs. RUSPS initially addressed four main themes – governance, slums, gender and HIV/AIDS, and environment. It seeks to build a national profile and three city pro-files. TABLE OF CONTENTS MENOUF PROFILE – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……… MENOUF PROFILE – INTRODUCTION……… …….… ….3 MENOUF PROFILE – BACKGROUND…… ………… …4 MENOUF PROFILE – GOVERNANCE…………………… …10 MENOUF PROFILE – SLUMS AND SHELTER…...……… …12 MENOUF PROFILE – GENDER AND HIV/AIDS…….…… …14 MENOUF PROFILE – ENVIRONMENT…………………..… …16 MENOUF PROFILE – BASIC URBAN SERVICES………… …18 MENOUF PROFILE – LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT…… ……20 PROJECT PROPOSALS GOVERNANCE…………………………………………..………..….…….22 SLUMS AND SHELTER.…………………………………….…….….…….24 GENDER AND HIV/AIDS………………………………….……….….……26 ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………..……….28 BASIC URBAN SERVICES…………………………………….….………..30 LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT………………………..….………..32

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction Rapid Urban Sector Profiling for Sustainability (RUSPS) is an accelerated and action-oriented urban assessment of needs and capacity-building gaps at the city level. It is currently being implemented in well over 20 countries in Africa and the Arab states. RUSPS uses a structured approach where priority interventions are agreed upon through consultative processes. The RUSPS methodology consists of three phases: (1) a rapid participatory urban profiling, at national and local levels, focusing on governance, slums, gender and HIV/AIDS, environment, and proposed interventions (due to the conditions in urban Egypt, the World Bank and the Egyptian government added two issues of local importance – local economic development and basic urban services); (2) detailed priority proposals; and (3) project implementation. RUSPS in Egypt encompasses a national profile, as well as profiles for Alexandria, Suez, Menia, Baltim, Tanta, Menouf, and Rosetta, each published has a separate report. This is the Menouf report and it includes a general background, a synthesis of the six themes – governance, slums, gender and HIV/AIDS, environment, local economic development, and basic urban services – and priority project proposals Background Menoufiya Governorate has many cities. Menouf is the ancient capital of the governorate. The city is located in the mid-west of the governorate near the outlying areas of El-Sadat city. Shebin Al-Kom is the current capital. Menouf is located 42 km from the Menouf-Tanta railway and 86 km from Cairo. The average number of passengers who travel by train each month is about 2 million. There is one tunnel in the markaz (district) that belongs to the organizations. of railway Monoufiya Governorate is divided into three categories, according to the Human Development Index. The higher category includes Markaz Shebin Al-Kom, Albajor, Barka Elsabaa, and Quisna. The middle category includes central Markaz El-Shohada and Markaz Tala. The worst category includes Markaz Ashmoun, Markaz Menouf, and Markaz Sadat, where the index of human development is relatively low. Markaz Menouf (District of Menouf) consists of 7 local units (Fisha El-Kobra, Monshaat Sultan, Brahim, El-Hamoule, Zawyet Razine, Tamlay, and Sodoud) in addition to Menouf city and 29 villages. Menouf has a population of around 95,000. Artisan work, especially carpentry, characterises the activities of 34 percent of the productive labour force of the city. This is followed by tailoring then public services. It is noted that there are no mineral resources such as quarries in Menouf; indeed, there is no industrial zone in the city. Nevertheless, Menouf is dotted with small workshops, representing a large percentage of the city’s overall land use. According to statistics of the General Organization of Physical Planning, the natural extension of Menouf around the old city includes nine unplanned areas that are overtaking agricultural lands. Governance In general, the local administration of Menouf has a limited number of trained personnel and scarce provisions. This has a direct negative impact on the level of services provided to citizens and there is a lack of sustainable coordination between the local administration and community members. The Menouf representatives in the central government are very active in trying to meet the citizens’ needs, improve their living standards through direct or indirect assistance, and upgrade the services provided. Slums and Shelters Markaz Menouf is considered a rural district and is composed of 29 villages and 7 local units; 82 percent of the population are in villages. Its total population is about 401,000, out of which 65 percent live in unplanned areas encroaching on agriculture land. There are nine unplanned regions on the periphery of the city: El-Saharty El-Batn; the extension of El-Melhat; the area behind the School of Agriculture; the area north of El-Haswa until the end of Karawonland; Meskat El-Bathah; southern El-Haswa; the eastern road of Sers; El-Hashasha; and the area behind the cotton factory. Gender and HIV/AIDS Women in Menouf suffer because the city is small and lacks services. They are deprived of most central services, including buses and other public transportation (especially for women who study at the University of Shebin Al-Kom). The absence of security in Menouf (namely patrols) threatens girls who go to work or study outside of the city. The Markaz Menouf Local Council is composed of 94 men and 2 women. Menouf City Local Council has 23 men and 1 woman (the law does not stipulate a certain percentage of female representation). Environment Environmental problems in Menouf result from traffic congestion, coal incinerators on the border of the city, spray paint workshops, furniture workshops, mosquito spraying, and private vehicles. Pollution of the Pharaoh Sea (Bahr Ferron) is a result of agricultural drainage (runoff), the cleaning of ponds, and product remnants from cheese factories. This dumping of waste in the Pharaoh Sea has led to water pollution and the destruction of fish breeds. Furthermore, some areas in the Pharaoh Sea are being reclaimed and filled for the construction of high-rise buildings, an activity that pollutes all canals in Menouf. Basic Urban Services The local authority encourages the upgrading of unplanned areas by supplying 75 percent of the residential sanitation, drinking water, and electricity services. Local Economic Development Menouf was the trade centre for four neighbouring centres: Albajor, Ahmoun, El-Shohada, and Sers El-Lian. It has a desert extension near the industrial city of El-Sadat, which helped to solve partially the problem of unemployment. The average annual per capita GDP was 4,414 Egyptian pounds (EGP) in 2000/2001. 2

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – INTRODUCTION
Rapid Urban Sector Profiling For Sustainability Rapid Urban Sector Profiling for Sustainability (RUSPS) consists of an accelerated and action-oriented assessment of urban conditions, focusing on priority needs, capacity gaps, and existing institutional responses at local and national levels. The purpose of the study is to develop urban poverty reduction policies at local, national, and regional levels, through an assessment of needs and response mechanisms, and as a contribution to the wider-ranging implementation of the Millennium Development Goals. The study is based on analysis of existing data and a series of interviews with all relevant urban stakeholders, including local communities and institutions, civil society, the private sector, development partners, academics, and others. This consultation typically results in a collective agreement on priorities and their development into proposed capacity-building and other projects that are all aimed at urban poverty reduction. RUSPS is being implemented in well over 20 African and Arab countries, offering an opportunity for comparative regional analysis. Once completed, this series of studies will provide a framework for central and local authorities and urban actors, as well as donors and external support agencies. Methodology RUSPS consists of three phases: Phase one consists of rapid profiling of urban conditions at national and local levels. Representatives of small, medium, and large cities, revealing a wide range of local conditions, are studied to provide a representative sample in each country. The analysis focuses on six themes: governance, slums, gender and HIV/AIDS, environment, local economic development, and basic urban services. Information is collected through standard interviews and discussions with institutions and key informants, in order to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the national and local urban set-ups. The findings are presented and refined during city and national consultation workshops and consensus is reached regarding priority interventions. National and city reports synthesise the information collected and outline ways forward to reduce urban poverty through holistic approaches. Phase two builds on the priorities identified through pre-feasibility studies and develops detailed capacity-building and capital investment projects. Phase three implements the projects developed during the two earlier phases, with an emphasis on skill development, institutional strengthening, and replication. This report presents the outcomes of RUSPS Phase One at the local level in Menouf. RUSPS in Menouf RUSPS in Menouf is one of seven similar exercises conducted in Egypt. Alexandria and Suez represent coastal cities while Baltim represents small cities. Tanta is an example of a delta city and Rosetta represents cities in which cultural heritage is vulnerable. Menia city is an example of a medium-sized city on the Nile River in Upper Egypt. Menouf represents an agricultural city on one of the northern lakes. Each is published as a separate report. In Menouf, many national development projects are being implemented – there is the national development of rural strategies and a national project for western expansion, as well as many pro-poor and slum-upgrading projects financed and implemented by NGOs or foreign donors. The aim of RUSPS is to develop options for formal inter-agency collaboration in order to create a coordination body integrating a wide range of stakeholders in a single response mechanism. Report structure This report consists of: A general background of the urban sector in Menouf, based on the findings of the Menouf assessment report, a desk study, interviews, and a city consultation that was held in Menouf in June 2006 (see back cover for a list of participants in the city consultation). The background includes data on administration, urban planning, economy, the informal and private sector, urban poverty, infrastructure, water, sanitation, public transport, energy, health, and education at both government and city level; A synthetic assessment of the six main areas – governance, slums, gender and HIV/AIDS, environment, local economic development, and basic urban services – in terms of institutional set-up, regulatory framework, resource mobilisation, and performance. This second section also highlights agreed priorities and includes a list of identified projects; The third and last section includes a SWOT analysis and outlines priority projects proposals for each theme. The proposals include beneficiaries, partners, estimated cost, objectives, activities, and outputs. 3

Population of Markaz Menouf Population of Menouf City
MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – BACKGROUND MENOUF IN DATA Monoufiya Governorate is divided into three categories according to the Human Development Index. The highest category includes Markaz Shebin Al-Kom, Al-Bajor, Berka El-Sabaa, and Quisna. The middle category includes central Markaz El-Shohada and Markaz Tala. The worst category includes Markaz Ashmoun, Markaz Menouf, and Markaz Sadat, where the index of human development is relatively low. Markaz Menouf consists of 7 local units (Fisha El-Kobra, Monshaat Sultan, Brahim, Al-Hamoule, Zawyet Razine, Tamlay, and Sodoud), in addition to Menouf city and 29 villages. Menouf has a population of around 95,500. Unplanned areas (20%-10%) without sanitary networks City center بحر فرعون 80s area El Haswa south extension of El-Melhat- road of Sers and El Hashashaz land of El-Saharty- behind-the School of Agriculture the area behind the factory of ginning cotton. MENOUF City Google earth 2006 El Sergany and Kobala Population of Markaz Menouf Population of Menouf City Annual rate growth population year - 432013 2004 1.9 8320 440332 2005 Annual rate growth population year - 93373 2004 2.4 2212 95485 2005 Population growth was calculated for each local units and was 2.4 for Menouf city 4

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – BACKGROUND
MENOUF’S DEVELOPMENT The urban residential city of Menouf was planned in 1935; it was divided into 30 partitions (published in the Egyptian Facts Journal). Nine of them have been accredited and the remainder are pending legal status. The old area represents an area of 9 km2, but there has not been a master plan for Menouf city in 70 years. There has been no new legislation that allows the sale of land owned by the government to unlawful tenants since law no. 31/1984. Since 1984, unlawful tenants have been considered encroachers on state land. Law no. 3/1982 on physical planning presents an obstacle to the division of land in Menouf (created because the city’s limited land leads to frequent violations and abuses). Surrounded by agricultural land in all directions, Menouf requires the optimal use of land for building – vertical expansion is needed, as is the creation of special legislation for the delta region. Population growth for Menouf from to and forecast till 2006 Estimated population Annual growth rate population Monoufiya governorate 2022 2006 76\96 86\96 76\86 1996 1986 1976 Markaz Menouf 102711 95500 1.7 1.1 2.4 77773 69883 55208 Menouf 1 Total popula-tion of Markaz Menouf 73630 53836 2.5 2.0 3.0 44267 36399 27017 Sers Allian 2 174829 140134 1.4 2.6 122040 106282 82225 citizens 440126 339587 1.6 3.3 288775 245566 178267 rural 614615 479664 2.3 3.1 410815 351848 260492 total Urban area overtaking agriculture land Vacant land of Awqaf allows expansions Urban expansion along roads and city gates Source: Google Earth 2005 5

URBAN PLANNING ADMINISTRATION The residential urban area in Menouf city was planned in The plan, published in the Egyptian Facts Journal, divided the city into 30 partitions covering 9 km2. There has been no modern master plan for Menouf city for 70 years. The limited land and the lack of modernisation in physical planning do not allow for extension, especially as the area is surrounded by agriculture land in all directions. Still, unplanned expansion spread, taking the linear shape that followed agricultural land subdivisions. The local administration was unable to stop the spread of urbanisation, but there is no suitable land along the city border for expansion. The city lacks a unified vision for local economic development. There are also disputes about the territory between the Ministry of Endowments and the local administration. The ministry can serve the city in various ways but cannot intervene in administration. The central government appoints the governor. The Minister of Local Development appoints the city mayor. Members of the Provincial Assembly are appointed by acclamation in accordance with the provisions of Act 47/1978 (the assembly is comprised of 7 members from each district, usually representing the ruling party). Like all municipalities in Egypt, Menouf collects domestic monetary royalties and surrenders. This local revenues are delivered to the central government, then are to be distributed according to priorities. this leads to a lack of direct utilisation of local resources. The Ministry of Planning identifies the budget in accordance with the urgent projects of the city, but it is always less than the actual needs of the city, causing an annual budget deficit and the lack of effective implementation of projects. Urban governance in Menouf will be improved through a number of steps: rehabilitating capacities of employees, strengthening the city council, building the capacity of the local administration, improving the supply of services, and preparing an appropriate strategic vision for Menouf, taking into account the role of the private sector and the cooperation of different stakeholders in ongoing development. Source: Local Units Of Menouf 2006 OFFICERS PRINCIPAL URBAN FUNCTION Head Quarter General Secretary Coordination and supervision of engineering and management departments in the district and identify priorities in coordination with local units and engineering departments Engineering departments Department of Infrastructure Processing and follow up the implementation of infrastructure projects / transportation Department of Management Registration and implementation of laws, policies and the reduction of physical irregularities and to punish violators. and complaints of residents Department of Physical Planning Licensing of buildings and different activities Department of Real Estate Registering property and implementation of legislation Department of Management Follow up the implementation of projects Department of Maintenance Coordination and beautification sites and roads, solid waste management Women's Department Department deriving from the National Council of Women and has no budget from municipality Environmental Department Controlling environmental pollution and the implementation of their own laws Demolition and construction Administration Responsible for the demolition and removal decisions and complains 6

Population according to UNDP 2003
MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – BACKGROUND INFORMAL AND PRIVATE SECTORS THE ECONOMIC SITUATION The informal sector increases in volume each year since it represents the largest share of the workforce in the city. However, such temporary and unfixed employment is unlegislated and not supported by the local administration. This employment (such as street vending in the city market) is threatened and lacks the fundamentals of economic growth, particularly in slums and unplanned areas. Many workshops (particularly carpentry) are actually unlicensed, because such informal businesses do not comply with licensing standards. For others, circumvention of the law is actually the norm. For example, licensing regulations require that carpentry workshops must be 30 metres from the nearest residence. The law is circumvented through licensing these workshops as “saw workshops”, then using them as carpentry workshops. In Menouf, the private sector is involved effectively in garbage collection and communications (e.g. mobile networks) and therefore the government plays an important role in allowing the private sector to grow, to expand areas of interest, and to further develop its contributions through participation in various areas of development. Menouf city serves seven local units and a number of villages. The principal economic activity is the commerce that links the local units. Artisan work, especially carpentry, is the principal activity in the city. It represents 34 percent of total activity, followed by tailoring and public services. It is noted that in Menouf there is no source of mineral wealth and there are no quarries. There is no industrial zone; nevertheless, small workshops occupy a large space in the city. Active chemical industries and petroleum plants are located south of the city. Menouf generally lacks major industrial installations (with more than 100 employees) that reduce unemployment. UNEMPLOYMENT Unemployment in the workforce: In Markaz Menouf, unemployment is 3.4 percent (2001) and at the city level it is 6.7 percent (2001). The overall level of unemployment is 18.9 percent in the Markaz. Bakery Metals Printing Paving Brick Grinder Carpentry Hair dressing Tailor Total No workshops activity workers URBAN POVERTY There is no strategy to develop the local economy and thus the low-income receive no support in landing jobs; moreover, the local authority lacks a role in developing the local economy. The Human Development Index for Menouf decreased to along with 2 other cities in Menoufiya Governorate. Menouf’s agricultural nature, the absence of opportunities for non-agricultural economic activities, and the lack of adequate services result in low income per capita for its residents. Menouf needs to develop a vision to be able to confront these disparities. Photo shows the urban poverty Occupancy rate Household average Population according to UNDP 2003 household dwellers 1.21 Person/room 4.57 persons 17 thousands 86700 Sources :Human Development Reports for governorates (Governorate of Menoufiya) 2003 Slums in Egypt – GOPP, CAPMAS 1996 7

EDUCATION STREET LIGHTING There are 38 educational institutions in Menouf. Twenty-six percent of them are serving the centre. They provide free basic education for the public, in order to help raise their standard of living. The number of students enrolled at all levels of education for the year 2005 was 45,229 male students and 34,875 female students, with a density of 44 pupils per class. There are 1,108 classes in Menouf for the first section of elementary phase of education (primary). The next section of the elementary phase (preparatory) has 441 classes, with 38 pupils per class. The secondary phase also has up to 38 students/class, with a total number of 536 classes. It is necessary to establish a system of five-year schools to provide the people of Markaz Menouf with an industrial and agricultural education, but there is no such system. The faculties of engineering and nursing are the only faculties in Menouf; the rest of the colleges are at Menoufiya City University at Shebin Al-Kom. Thus the distribution of students at university level does not follow a geographical pattern Menouf city lacks lighting for highways and roads linking villages and other centres. This leads to the spread of violence and crime in those areas, particularly with the absence of security. Women are more vulnerable to the security problems created by the lack of road lighting. It affects them when travelling to Shebin Al-Kom to study and when going to work or even to the market. SOURCES OF ENERGY Electricity is the main source of energy in Egypt. Thus the inhabitants of the city of Menouf consume 45.8 kilowatts per year in domestic consumption, 0.4 kilowatt for commercial purposes, and 2.6 kilowatts in industrial consumption. Governmental departments consume 1.2 kilowatts and the public service sector consumes 2.8 kilowatts. Meanwhile, inhabitants consume 984 kilometers cube per year of natural gas, which is the second most important source of energy in Menouf. Menouf is one of the largest units within the province in terms of the number of consumers. This is due to the large number of factories and workshops, which depend on electricity more than households. There is a generator on the Menouf-Brahim Road that serves Menouf. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES The governor has decided to take advantage of water canals. Extended portions were covered, turned into plant nurseries, and distributed for use among the youth as part of a solution to the unemployment problem. Other programmes include: Duplication and development of roads, improving the entrances road and lighting at Menouf Tunnel, hiring cleaners, and licensing al-tok-tok vehicles; Developing the Menouf General Hospital plan to combat rodents and putting into operation the new drinking water plant, covering all villages and Menouf; and Rehabilitation of the old water station. HEALTH The health sector reform projects are supporting families in Menouf by providing a doctor for all members of the family, including children and youth. The project is equipping health units and establishing hospitals through the Ministry of Health. Charities donate provisions to some poor families in need of treatment. There are several hospitals in the city, including the General Hospital, the Chest Hospital, and the Viral Hospital. There are a total of 599 beds and 444 doctors, resulting in one doctor for every 215 persons. The total number of nurses is 423. Menouf suffers from certain epidemic diseases such as hepatitis, anaemia, and renal failure, a result of pollution in water channels and along their banks. This is in addition to the growth of the population and the difficult living conditions. There are three pumping stations in Menouf with a capacity of 12,000 m³/day. There is a major purification station in Kafr Al-Senabsa serving Menouf, Al-Bajor, and Sers El-Lian, but there are still 29 villages deprived of sanitation. Currently, drainage exists for the major villages (Ficha, Kamshush, and Zawyet Razine). Local unit Birth Death Natural increase Menouf 260 66 194 Fisha 80 33 47 Manshat Sulta 114 31 83 Barahim 71 21 50 Zawyet 95 30 65 El Hamol 19 46 Tamlay 61 24 37 Sodoud 17 49 Total 812 241 571 Menouf Centre General Hospital of Menouf 8

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND BASIC SERVICES In this sector, it is clear that waste collection workers and the provision of vehicles are not enough, which lead to the accumulation of uncollected garbage. The problem is that there is insufficient awareness among residents on how to apply methods of waste disposal and recycling. The accumulation of litter on the local streets is a problem. However, there is a large factory for recycling garbage that serves Menouf and its surroundings. This is a good opportunity to improve waste disposal systems in the city. About 30 percent of the water networks in Menouf were constructed using asbestos. These are to be upgraded soon. The current water station has an inefficient water-pumping capacity (11,000–19,000 m3/sec). There is a new water station with a capacity of 51,000 m3/sec. There are two pump stations linking the three sanitary stations that need to be refurbished. Menouf suffers from a low economic output, an increasing population, a lack of basic urban services, and principal provisions, unlike other dependent or capital cities (e.g. Shebin Al-Kom), where services are concentrated. WATER The installation of the new water station (capacity 51,000 m3/sec) will solve the current problem of lack of drinking water in Menouf, once the local administration refurbishes of the old station (capacity 1,000 m3/sec). It is noted that Menouf city and all its dependent villages are supplied with drinking water. In Menouf, there are 16,752 people benefiting from the water network, with a consumption of m3/day. Menouf city has the highest consumption in the district. PUBLIC TRANSPORT SANITATION Menouf is located 42 km from the Menouf-Tanta railway, and is about 86 km from Cairo. An average of 2 million passengers use this train each month. There is one tunnel in Markaz Menouf that belongs to the railway organizations. The public transportation department runs 20 passenger buses from Menouf to Cairo, Alexandria, and El-Sadat city. Three buses link Menouf and Shebin Al-Kom while five buses link Menouf and El-Sadat city. A number of microbuses connect villages in Markaz Menouf to major cities like Cairo, Shebin Al-Kom, and Sadat. Menouf needs to improve links with urban centres like Tanta, Cairo, and Shebin Al-Kom and needs to double the railway lines. The sewage network in Menouf covers about 75 percent of the city. The unserviced areas dispose of human waste directly into the Pharaoh Sea or into ponds that became polluted. The main station for treatment (in Kafr El-Sabnsa) serves Menouf, El-Bagour, and Sers El-Lian. Although Menouf appears to have the highest consumption of drinking water, commercial and industrial consumption is not separated. The city suffers from a lack of drainage and inefficiency in Sewage treatment. 9

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – URBAN GOVERNANCE
THE CITY’S INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP In general, the local authority in Menouf has very limited resources, with a low number of trained cadres. This has a direct negative effect on the level of services offered to citizens. This lack of capacity is the reason behind the lack of a solid relationship between the local authority and the people. The city representatives in the central government are very active in providing the citizens’ needs and bettering their living standards through direct and indirect support. They have improved the level of services dramatically. The Menoufiya Governorate enjoys a very active new governor willing to change the current circumstances. This has had a positive direct effect on the possibilities of ameliorating the standard of services within the local authority. There is a limited understanding of what urban governance stands for (e.g. transparency, decentralisation, and accountability) among citizens and local authority officials Thee central government appoints the governor. The Minister of Local Development appoints the president of the city. The members of the governorate council are appointed by recommendation according to law 47 of 1978 (the council is comprised of 7 individuals from each governorate district, normally representing the ruling party). The Menoufiya Governorate has councils for nine districts and an additional council for a single city called Sers El-Lian. Each of the nine districts includes a local council for the district and another one for the city. Menouf has a local council for the district and a local council for the city. The members of the local public councils are all elected and mostly represent the ruling party. The local council for the district of Menouf is constituted of 94 men and 2 women. The local council for the city of Menouf is constituted of 23 men and 1 woman (the law does not specify a minimum rate for representation of women). RESOURCE MOBILISATION Income Resources (Revenues) for Menouf City President Planning Dept. Public Relations Legislation Customers Services Legal Dept. Law Suits Investigations Vice President Follow Up Dept. Public Dept. City Secretary Village Development Dept. Slow Transpor- tation Dept. Engineering Projects Dept. Physical Planning & Organization Infrastructure Dept. (water, sanitation, Roads, bettering The environment) Human Resources Administr- ation Financial Councils & committees Accounting, Budgets, Collections & Storages Dept. Committees Affairs Dept. Employment Affairs General revenues. Taxes on properties (taxes on land, buildings, government properties, and local fees). Services and cleanliness funds. Revenues from bakeries and markets. The revenues of the fiscal year 2005/2006 amounted to 7.5 million EGP, a 126 percent increase over the fiscal year 2004/2005. The revenues from the cleanliness fund (to 30/6/2005) amounted to 33,0297 EGP, a 12.5 percent increase over the fiscal year 2004 (which amounted to 28,3984 EGP). The revenues from the services fund (to 30/6/2005) amounted to 58,185 EGP, a significant decrease of 56 percent from 2004. The total revenues from both funds are still being finalised by the local authority and therefore were not available when this profile went to press. Budgets (Information Provided for City of Menouf) The first budget (including salaries of employees in the permanent ranks, promotions of 25 percent, allowances, social raises, and health insurance) amounted to 13.7 million EGP, a 10.6 percent increase over the fiscal year 2004/2005 and an increase of 22 percent over 2003/2004. The value of the expenditures is much higher than the original budget, creating a budget deficit of 7.8 million EGP for the fiscal year 2004/2005. The budget deficit for the current year to 30/4/2006 reached 488,230 EGP and it is expected that this deficit would increase by the end of June 2006. The budgets of both the cleanliness and services funds amounted to 113,000 EGP for the year 2005/2006. This represents only 30 percent of what both budgets were in 2004/2005 – a year of significantly increased revenue. The investment plan for Menouf for 2005/2006 amounted to 3.5 million EGP; information for previous years is not available. Menouf city, with its current population of 91,035, represents a part of the population of Menouf District (423,748) where the individual’s share of the above mentioned budget is L.E at the district level (it is very difficult to determine individual shares at the city level because of the lack of information). 10

ACCESS TO DECISION MAKING, THE DELIVERY OF PUBLIC SERVICES, AND PROMOTING LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A lack of adequate planning exists, as does limited cooperation among departments to approve such plans. Some heads of departments are inefficient in putting the decisions and recommendations of the elected local council into practice. Inside the city council, a special office for complaints is dedicated to serving the people and providing better services; it has a reputation for quick responses and actions. Efficiency in the collection of revenues from government land properties is clear... If payment is delayed, an additional 7 percent is added to the revenue amount. There is a deficiency in the number of skilled labourers and qualified cadres who could provide a better standard of services. Salaries and bonuses are relatively small and do not satisfy people at the higher levels (such as trained cadres), which causes a general atmosphere of negativity. There is limited managerial corruption among departments. Despite the general friendly atmosphere among employees, coordination and cooperation at the managerial level is hindered and weakened by the difficulty some have with accepting women as department managers. The local authority suffers from a lack of resources (computers, office furniture, technical tools), which hinders the quality of service performance (for example, there is no filing facility for official documents). The centralised managerial style of the local authority limits the possibility of developing an effective managerial approach to providing high quality services to the people. The constitution gives civilians the right to access basic services such as food, education, work, health care, shelter, potable water, sanitation, and other basic needs for a decent life. Regarding decision-making processes, the actual vision for the implementation of participation in urban management is frail. This lack of participation in the decision-making processes is due to the problems people face; there is a general feeling of frustration and carelessness within the society. There is a serious problem promoting the validity of participation and equity at the political level because of the unwillingness and negative attitude on the part of the educated. Women make up 20 percent of the 1,989 employees at the city council. Most of these women are divided between high-ranked officials (managerial, technical, and administrative) and medium-ranked officials; in the category of young workers and “extra help” workers, only 1 percent are women. There is inadequate representation of women in the local city authority (4.2 percent) and in the local district council (2 percent). In the local development centres (Sakkara), training programmes are provided for employees despite the limited variety of themes in these programmes. The city mayor meets the public weekly in the presence of department managers, in order to solve the problems of individuals and ultimately better the relationship between the local authority and the public. No yearly publication exists to define the strategies of the local authority. INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Big donations are given to the local authority from individuals, such as elected members of parliament. The money collected from the city is not invested back into the city but is sent to the central government. The decentralised advisory approach in management should be accompanied by a decentralised system for dealing with city resources as the concept matures. The approval of projects by the public councils is the only solution for the inclusion of civic society. No clear, concrete partnerships or cooperation exist among the council, NGOs, and the private sector to support and develop council services offered to the people. TRANSPARENCY & ACCOUNTABILITY RESPONSIBILITY & PERFORMANCE The local authority announces general tenders and bids through both an internal system (bulletin board) and an external system (official newspapers). Budgets are not disclosed to citizens in a way that would allow them to evaluate performance and adequately participate in modifying the approaches; the budgets are only released to the elected members of the local council upon request. Many departments lack information, which hinders the delivery of better services. In the case of land ownership and management, there are no up-to-date surveying maps indicating actual ownership status. This allows illegal tenure of land to spread. BUILDING CAPACITIES AND TRAINING The workforce is inadequately trained and there is an absence of effective training programmes to help create new young cadres qualified to bear responsibilities. Salaries are frail, with insufficient financial or career-related incentives. Training plans exist for the council employees but are in desperate need of development. The local authority lacks the resources to facilitate requested tasks related to providing people with services (e.g. new technologies, good working environment, office furniture, and equipment). GOVERNANCE N° 1 Project proposal page 23 Developing leadership skills in the local council GOVERNANCE N° 2 Project proposal page 23 Building capacities of local authority personnel to implement partnerships with private sector and NGOs 11

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – SLUMS AND SHELTERS
Markaz Menouf is considered to be a rural district, with 29 villages and 7 local units; 82 percent of the population are in villages. Its total population is about 401,700 persons, of which about 65 percent live in unplanned areas on agricultural land. There are nine unplanned regions (informal extensions) on the periphery of the city: El-Saharty-El-Batn, the extension of El-Melhat, the area behind the School of Agriculture, the area north of El-Haswa, Meskat El-Bathah, El-Haswa south, the eastern road of Sers, El-Hashasha, and the area behind the cotton factory. Only 75 percent of the city’s total slums are served by sanitation and drinking water systems. The local authority encourages the upgrading of unplanned areas (extensions) through the supply of utilities and services (75 percent of the unplanned areas receive drinking water, sanitation, and electricity services). SECURE TENURE Given the variety of slums in Menouf, the patterns of abuse and violation of the law also vary. Agricultural law is violated when there is construction on agricultural land; there is also illegal extension of housing units. However, the sense of security of tenure is strong among dwellers of these areas. There are modern maps available of the city but there is reluctance to register land or buildings. The lengthy registration process and the high registration fees hinder inhabitants from registering their properties. Therefore, residents of the unplanned areas resort to establishing security of tenure and property through court rulings (e.g. signing validity or a report of a consultant engineer certifying the safety of a building). The presence of infrastructure provided by the local municipality does not guarantee possession or secure tenure. All unplanned areas are forbidden to adjust their position (as per the presidential decree of 2004), in spite of any prior approval to do so. POLICIES, LEGISLATION, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SLUM PATTERNS In the city there are two types of slum areas. The deteriorating housing of the old city represents the first type. Limited housing and population congestion, as well as the small size of the old city, mean there is significant renovation and relocation in these old areas (like El-Sergawy). Informal housing extensions on agricultural lands represent the second type of slum area. These often act as extensions for neighbouring villages, allowing them to be a part of the city. The popular housing regions on the edges of rural-urban areas have emerged with the growth and physical expansion of the city. They are considered unplanned areas of individual property (except Al-Awqaf and Barahim). Unplanned areas are often located along roads leading into the city and have the advantage of being in good condition. Menouf. Although, General Hospital and the university’s faculty of engineering which are governemental buildings, are located outside the boundaries of the old urban centre upon the agriculture land, there are many constrains for constructing in such areas . The urban residential city of Menouf was planned in 1935 and divided into 30 partitions (as published in the Egyptian Facts Journal). The old area represents an area of 9 km2. There has been no modern master plan for Menouf city in 70 years. There has been no new legislation (after law no. 31/1984) that allows the sale of government land to the occupiers. Since 1984, occupants of government land have been considered illegal. Physical planning law no. 3/1982 represents an obstacle to the division of land in Menouf, created because its limited land leads to frequent violations and abuses. Surrounded by agricultural land in all directions, Menouf requires the optimal use of land. There is a need for vertical expansion and for creating special legislation for the delta region. However, there is a general orientation at the national level towards upgrading unplanned areas. The Prime Minister issued three decrees to regulate the ownership of the encroaching slum dwellings. In particular, decision no contributes to upgrading and developing slums if they are seen to benefit the public. 12

PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION
PROVISION OF SHELTER AND RESOURCE MOBILISATION AGREED PRIORITIES Social housing survey Codifying the conditions of the population residing in slum areas Supporting income-generation projects Mechanism for updating data Drafting legislation to encourage vertical expansion in delta cities The introduction of public utilities (water, sanitation, electricity, paved roads, and lighting) is the highest priority. The local authority provides for sovereign services (education and health), funded by the national budget. Despite the availability of schools in some areas, Menouf does not have comprehensive education coverage. Lack of security encourages many social ills, high crime rates, and increasing rates of poverty and unemployment. Multiple sources of funding for development projects are provided through the state’s general budget. Moreover, numerous sponsors sustain female-headed households (25 percent of households). The lack of official documents and the absence of a governmental guarantor are obstacles to obtaining credit. There are about 700 individuals/households being threatened with eviction. Expulsion, however, is difficult to implement in the absence of equipment and the general lack of desire to expel residents. The current market does not absorb all workers. The working population (especially young men) is forced to work for the private sector or wait for government appointments, causing increased unemployment. In Menouf, there are 20 community-based organizations that work on social assistance and productive health projects. They have no role in providing credit; they only help people access social benefits such as marriage licenses and insurance for orphans and widows. Credit is available for small projects. The City Council for Youth provides loans if guaranteed by two staff members. However, these loans come with large burdens. Although the Ministry of Local Development in Sakarah offers a number of training courses, they seem not to be effective. Management needs courses in community empowerment and information technology, and skills for developing the capabilities of NGOs. INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP, CAPACITY BUILDING, AND TRAINING PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION There is a monthly journal tracking maintenance (Menoufiya Governorate news) There is a monthly news periodical on Menouf city The Menouf newspaper and Sadat (a private newspaper) provide general and local news SLUMS & SHELTERS N° 1 Project proposal page 25 Master plan for Menouf city SLUMS & SHELTERS N° 2 Project proposal page 25 Doubling the railway line Menouf-Cairo 13

The Health Sector Reform Menouf Service Providers
MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – GENDER AND HIV/AIDS GENDER AND HIV/AIDS ACCOUNTABILITY AND INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP Menouf is considered the ancient capital of Menoufiya Governorate. Given its location at the confluence of regional axes, Menouf is currently the main urban centre. It is directly related to El-Sadat city, which has distinguishing itself in the trade and food industries. The advantage of being the central town has allowed the development of various crafts (e.g. making furniture and food products), in addition to agriculture. In the city, women are deprived of access to most central services (there is only the faculty of engineering in the city). There is also a lack of public transportation, particularly for women who study at the University of Shebin Al-Kom. The absence of security (patrols) in Menouf threatens girls who go to work or study outside of the city. The local council of Markaz Menouf is composed of 94 men and 2 women. The Menouf city local council is composed of 23 men and 1 woman (the law does not provide quotas for female representation). The procedures adopted to maintain security and reduce the incidence of rape in homes and public places include educating people about the importance of women in society, spreading religious awareness, lighting all streets and roads, and ameliorating the performance of policemen. The concerned authorities that receive the complaints of violence and respond to them are the family court and the consultation and guidance bureaus. The decrease in sensitivity concerning the issues of violence against woman is due to doctrinal pressures and the cultural legacy (the phenomena of female circumcision and domestic violence). POLICIES FOR GENDER AND HIV/AIDS The Health Sector Reform Menouf Service Providers Objectives: Providing high-quality health services as agreed in the contract with the Family Health Fund. Effective management of the resources of the administration. Providing health services to all inhabitants, through the programme of family medicine for primary and secondary care. Strategies: Strategic contracts and agreements with service providers. Agreement with 25 units from the Ministry of Health in 2004. Agreement with four units from the private sector. Agreement with one university hospital. Agreement with one comprehensive health insurance clinic. Agreement with Menouf General Hospital to provide secondary care. Contracting private, public, and civil hospitals. Working to provide health insurance coverage for the entire population. There are no policies for regulating the conditions of female employment (50 percent of women are employed). Most informal employees are female (street vendors). Factors that hinder the advancement of women in Menouf include traditional practices and the very low number of seats for women in local councils and parliamentary bodies, as well as weak social welfare systems and the lack of childcare nurseries. The government recorded cases of violence against women through the Criminal Research Centre, family court, and complaints committees. City residents suffer from numerous diseases (especially renal failure, a result of the severely polluted Pharaoh Sea). The high fish mortality (due to the pollution) threatens families. There is a policy for HIV/AIDS that is related to patient care, protection of society from the spread of the virus, protection of children infected with the disease, and protection of service providers. Nobody infected with the disease has been registered. 14

Poverty Rate in Governorates
INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP AND EMPOWERMENT AGREED PRIORITIES The empowerment of women in the city will be promoted through consolidating sources of income and working on equal access to finance, credit, and loans from the social fund. Credit accessed by women for income-generating projects is increasing. Nurseries are provided for childcare. Women are relatively well-represented in local government organizational structures (approximately 35 percent of total employees). The representation of women is only low in the governorate popular council (two representatives); their number increases in other local councils at the city and district level. Local public and private institutions are supporting gender activities in the city. These institutions are: o The local authority, the National Democratic Party, and the National Council for Women. o Private associations and institutions. NGOs are an important tool for supporting women’s affairs. Including the issues of gender in the plans for development Activating edification programmes Facilitating procedures for accessing credit Improving income resources for the poor woman Guaranteeing representation in popular councils and leading ranks Providing and supporting the appropriate facilities THE MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES OF EL-EZZ INSTITUTION FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Improving access to drinking water in disadvantaged areas. 2. Improving access to electricity in disadvantaged areas. Establishing post offices. 4. Extending the network of water canals within residential areas. 5. Distributing subsidies and financial assistance in case of disaster or suspension of services BUILDING CAPACITY AND TRAINING Planning is not based on gender-disaggregated data. There are training programmes for government officials to increase gender sensitivity and enable effective integration into the community. These training programmes are coordinated with the concerned ministries. The National Council for Women has initiated a women’s department. The department is not earmarked in the budget and depends solely on volunteers (it is thus quite unsustainable). As a small city, Menouf receives less attention from the National Council of Women. In contrast, major support is provided to governorate capitals. Menouf suffers from a lack of gender-oriented training programmes, scholarships, and educational seminars. Assyout 52% Al-Monofiya 19% Cairo2% 21 El-Menya% Poverty Rate in Governorates National Poverty Rate GENDER HIV/AIDS N° 1 Project proposal page 27 Project for improving public transportation and street security GENDER HIV/AIDS N° 2 Project proposal page 27 Facilitate the procedures for obtaining credits for female breadwinners 15

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE - ENVIRONMENT
THE ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK Law 4/1994 is the current legislative framework for addressing environmental issues. This law requires environmental impact assessments to be prepared prior to the establishment of any building. Environmental Management Units (EMUs) are responsible for “A” level projects, while the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) oversees “B” and “C” projects. To license a project, it should comply with environmental conditions. In case of non-compliance with laws, the EMU files a citation. EMUs face difficulties convincing big plants to comply with environmental regulations. Small plants in most cases comply with the regulations. EMUs file citations against citizens who are not compliant with environmental regulations. Collected fines go directly to the central fund for environmental preservation in EEAA in Cairo. The city of Menouf suffers from a number of environmental problems related to air and water pollution and solid waste accumulation. Menoufiya Governorate efforts to address the pollution problems could be considered one of the best practices, although more work and coordination is still needed. The proliferation of workshops inside Menouf city causes considerable air and noise pollution from which city inhabitants suffer. URBAN ENVIRONMENT ISSUES High rates of air pollution result from many sources: motor vehicle exhaust, coal incinerators at the city’s edge, dust from unpaved roads, and furniture paint workshops. Water contamination of the Pharaoh Sea area is due to agricultural and sewage drainage and disposal of waste from cheese factories. Waste disposed in this area destroys fisheries prepared by local administration. In addition, portions of the Pharaoh Sea have been reclaimed and filled with soil to construct high buildings. Contamination of the water in all canals and drainages is a result of direct sewage disposal by villages surrounding the city. Cattle bathing in El-Sersaweya canal also contribute to the problem. There is a lack of proper equipment for solid waste collection. The current equipment is in a very bad state and the collection containers lack top covers. There is a lack of medical waste incinerators. The incinerator at Menouf General Hospital is not covering the current needs of hospitals and private clinics. In addition, meat butcheries and other businesses need incinerators. These establishments are transferring their waste to an incinerator in Sers El-Lian. High rates of noise pollution result from workshops (such as carpentry, mechanics, and ironworks), street vendors using microphones, voice amplifiers used in weddings and festivals, and car horns in traffic jams. BEST PRACTICE The efforts of Menoufiya Governorate in the field of environmental protection: Fighting bird flu. Implementing the Human Sanitary Waste (El-Hamaa) Project: human waste is recycled and transferred into organic compost (the results till now are not satisfactory). Ensuring compliance of clay brick factories with environmental regulations. Ensuring compliance of coal incinerators with environmental regulations. Preparing paid environmental assessment studies to ensure compliance with the law, especially for carpentry and mechanics workshops. Providing the Pharaoh Sea with fresh water from Om Abdalla canal in order to decrease water contamination. 16

17 INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT AGREED PRIORITIES RESOURCE MOBILISATION
EMUs continuously inspect establishments and measure noise, dust, temperature, vibrations, emissions, smoke, and steam. Menouf’s EMU cooperates with a number of key partners: local departments of irrigation, industrial safety, agriculture, police, and health, as well as the EEAA. Legal enforcement bodies have insufficient authority to stop the contamination of water streams. Community associations are not providing any support in the environmental field. One of the main obstacles facing the Menouf EMU is the resistance of the private sector to comply with environmental regulations, especially if they are costly. The unit also lacks measurement equipment and means of transportation. AGREED PRIORITIES Develop the institutional set-up of the Menouf EMU. Build local community associations’ capacities to work in the environmental field. Mitigate bureaucratic procedures and support partnerships. Ensure that the EMU obtains a percentage of collected revenue (environmental fines). Support the Menouf EMU financially and provide it with essential measurement equipment. Develop training programmes for Menouf EMU officials to improve their performance. Implement awareness-raising programmes for inhabitants. Implement programmes addressing all kinds of pollution, especially noise and air pollution and pollution resulting from garbage accumulation. RESOURCE MOBILISATION The Menouf EMU is not autonomous. Consequently, no budget is allocated for it. It depends on resources from Menoufiya Governorate to support environmental projects. The EEAA provides the Menouf EMU with some measurement equipment and computers. Donations collected from businessmen, together with a portion of the collected fines, go directly to the local services fund. The collected money provides resources to support environmental projects. The allocated budget for training activities is small. CAPACITY BUILDING ANDTRAINING Current Activities for Capacity Building: Current training activities do not address the needs of Menouf EMU officials. Capacity to implement training programmes is very weak and training topics are repeated. Key Requirements for Capacity Building: Generally, there is a need for training, especially in the following topics: Environmental impact assessments of different establishments The use of measurement equipment Environmental inspection Legal enforcement authority Building institutional and administrative capacities for EMUs There is also a real need for measurement equipment, transportation, and computers. ENVIRO-NMENT N° 1 Project proposal page 29 Establishing an area for craftsmen outside Menouf city for noisy workshops inside the city ENVIRO-NMENT N° 2 Project proposal page 29 Develop an occupational training center affiliated to housing directorate, in order to train youth on performing small & micro enterprises 17

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – BASIC URBAN SERVICES
AVAILABLE BASIC FACILITIES The solid waste-recycling problem is considered one of the biggest problems facing Menouf city. Inhabitants are not aware of how to dispose of waste. Garbage-removal vehicles and garbage-handling equipment are limited and as a result fail to fully service the sector. The city entrance narrows from Sers El-Lian and its intersection with the railway causes problems for traffic. In Menouf, most electricity network lines are in dangerously close proximity. Potable water A new purification station with a capacity of 600 m3/day Drainage Facility Treatment station (19,000 m3/day) and 3 pumping stations. Electricity Provided to some deprived urban areas. Cairo-Sers El-Lian Road and Shebin-Bagour Road. Roads Solid Wastes There is neither an integrated system for recycling solid waste nor a healthy dumpsite to get rid of the dangerous waste after burning it. PROVISION OF BASIC URBAN SERVICES Water: About 30 percent of the network had been changed from asbestos and iron pipes. The old water station is in need of improvement. Sanitation: There is a lack of available labour in the sanitation sector. The first and second stages of the treatment plant on Kafr El-Sanasba Road provide 11,000 m³/day and 19,000 m³/day respectively. Two expulsion lines connecting substations and the treatment plant need to be replaced. Solid Waste: Additional workers and equipped waste-removal vehicles are needed to fully address the solid waste problem. Civil society is unaware of how to deal with solid waste, particularly of how to dispose of it. The accumulated waste is a major problem in narrow streets. Transportation and Roads: The entrance to the Menouf from Sers El-Lian is narrow and intersects with the railway, causing a congestion problem. In addition, the narrow streets are not suitable for larger vehicles. RESOURCE MOBILISATION, SUPPLY FACILITIES AND SERVICES The national budget and the governorate investment plan. The local services fund. No foreign aid. PLANNED PROJECTS IN MENOUF A healthy solid waste dumpsite is planned in El-Sadat city (47 feddans have been allocated 39 km from the city). The upgrading of Menouf’s old water station (to increase its output to 400 m3/day) is being studied. Currently there are plans to renew/replace the city drainage network expulsion lines.. 18

19 AGREED PRIORITIES INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
Provide a drainage facility for the deprived areas and increase the capacity of the treatment station’s first and second stages. Establish an integrated system to recycle solid waste. Decrease traffic congestion and improve safety at the road and railway intersection inside the city. Make a new foreign partnership to increase support. Improve specific skills to carry out planned activities and enhance service provision. Improve the abilities of technicians and labourers. Provide appropriate equipment. Isolate the city electricity network. Encourage the authority to improve poor districts by providing basic urban services networks and facilities. Encourage private investment support or foreign development assistance to establish new or complete exiting basic urban services system components. CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TRAINING Establish training programmes to train local authority technicians to manage electricity in the city. Prepare trained cadres to manage and maintain water and sanitation facilities. Support basic urban services systems with appropriate equipment and spare parts (for transport, treatment, and maintenance activities) and promote the use of mechanical systems in waste removal. Improve the capacity of technical employees in central plants. BUS N° 1 Project proposal page 31 Replace the current water network line (about 70% from Asbestos). BUS N° 2 Project proposal page 31 Develop and widening Sers Al-Lian road. BUS N° 3 Project proposal page 31 Establishing bridge to connect freely Cairo-Sers road and city center. 19

MENOUF URBAN PROFILE – LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES In spite of all the above-mentioned advantages, there is no economic vision for Menouf city due to the following: There is no strategy for local economic development that supports low-income people in finding jobs. Furthermore, the role of the local authority in local economic development is neither defined nor clear. A training centre or a professional rehabilitation centre for both genders is lacking. Being surrounded by agricultural land from all sides renders the city incapable of expansion. The road network is very bad and roadways are too narrow. Public transportation is nonexistent as there is only one (damaged) public bus. Train service is insufficient although there are three railway lines. It is difficult to get licenses in residential areas, especially for polluting or noisy establishments. Many workshops (particularly carpentry workshops) operate without licenses or with invalid ones. The shops either cannot comply with the licensing regulation (which requires a distance of 30 m from the nearest residence) or change the nature of their operation after receiving another type of license. As the city’s horizontal expansion is limited, location sites for new projects are scarce. There is no desire on the part of inhabitants to move to the desert hinterland and leave behind opportunities in the local market. No clear vision for the charitable El-Ezz Foundation to develop the local economy. The foundation has restricted its role to humanitarian aid. The practical unavailability of both soft and hard loans is due to the excessive guarantees required. The weak state of NGOs inhibits the effective operation of the social fund. Menouf city is one of the oldest cities in Menoufiya Governorate and in the past was the capital. Menouf is considered the commercial centre of four neighbouring cities (and districts): El-Bagoor, Ashmoon, El-Shohdaa, and Sers El-Lian. Menouf is also near the desert hinterland and the new El-Sadat industrial city, which has enabled opportunities to resolve partially the unemployment problem. Large numbers of workers in Menouf moved to El-Sadat city (large industrial center). The average per capita share of the local production was 4,414 EGP in 2000/2001. DYNAMICS OF LOCAL ECONOMY In Menouf, there are existent strengths as well as opportunities to develop the local economy. If exploited well, the following strengths and opportunities will positively improve the living conditions therein: Abutting the city of Menouf, a piece of Awqaf (endowment) land estimated between 13 and 20 feddans can be economically exploited to establish a handicraft city and set up a training centre. The existence of the desert hinterland is another opportunity to establish a new handicraft centre. The movement of workshops from the city in turn provides environmental opportunities within the city. Overpopulation has led to the existence of readily available cheap labour that does not need housing; hence the investment projects need not bear the cost of establishing residences for their labourers. The existence of fertile agricultural lands and good agricultural products. The existence of three railway lines: Menouf-Cairo, Menouf-Banha, and Menouf-Kafr El-Zaiat. The existence of a cluster of furniture workshops and other craft workshops. A new five-floor agriculture syndicate built nearby is an opportunity to establish a training centre for all types of crafts. . 20

21 CURRENT PROGRAMMES INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
The governorate depends on the national budget and local resources to enable local economic development. On the other hand, whereas NGOs depend on foreign grants, the private sector depends on its private capital. The Social Fund for Development depends on donor loans and state grants to provide low-interest loans for small and medium-sized enterprises. The state subsidises the fund’s loans. Many obstacles face the poor in accessing jobs: illiteracy, dropping out from school, no guarantees against loans, and lack of technical experience. In addition to the above, prevailing traditional practices limit women’s ability to seek work. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Problems in Menouf related to the present institutional framework: Resolving problems facing small enterprises depends on personal initiative; they are not dealt with systematically, according to clear and transparent standards that are applicable to all. Difficulty accessing credit. Bureaucratic problems. No clear vision for the private sector’s role in local economic development. No effective government finance and limited local resources. Inability of NGOs to effectively access donor funding, and limited private sector finance. Lack of guarantees and high interest rates hinder the ability of the poor to access credit. ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICAL AND MARKET FLOW – BUILDING CAPACITY AND TRAINING AGREED PRIORITIES Menouf is an over-populated city and a large portion of the workforce is unemployed. The city does not have the ability to expand because agricultural land surrounds it on all sides. Therefore, to solve the unemployment problem in Menouf, the city must have a handicraft area to attract more investment and new factories and workshops, creating many jobs. Menouf must also have training centres that offer training courses to the current and potential workforce, to upgrade their qualifications. Menouf is at the centre of an agglomeration of cities with poor road networks to other regional centres. This presents an interesting setting, in which the isolation of the cities has limited purchases from outside, preserved the importance of internal markets, and maintained Menouf as a source of products for many cities located around it. There is no tangible subsidy in the field of capacity building – neither from the private sector and NGOs, nor from bilateral and multilateral agencies. LED N° 1 Project proposal page 33 Establishing handcraft cluster LED N° 2 Project proposal page 33 Establish small business training centers 21

PROJECT PROPOSALS – GOVERNANCE Priorities Threats Opportunities
Weaknesses Strengths INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP – LOCAL AUTHORITY RESOURCES AND CAPACITY BUILDING Developing leadership skills in the local council. Supplying the council in general and the land ownership department in specific with computers to improve city management. The policies of the central government hinder the scale of development and the rapid decision-making process. The lack of young qualified cadres in the council capable of bearing responsibilities. Entrenched centralisation hinders the development of the management processes that govern the delivery of services. Improving the standards of existing training programmes. Creation of effective training programmes to empower young cadres to bear responsibilities. The willingness of the council to respond to citizens’ complaints. In the decision-making processes, participation in urban management is frail. There is a serious problem with the validity of participation and equity at the political level because of the unwillingness and negativity of the educated. There is a deficiency in the number of skilled labourers and qualified cadres to provide a better standard of services. The low standard of services provided by the local authority is due to the fact that the authority is unable to attract qualified cadres because of the low salaries and the lack of effective incentives (financial/morale). The local authority lacks equipment (computers, office furniture, technical tools, etc.), hindering the quality of service (for example, there is no filing facility for official documents). A weekly meeting takes place between the city president and the public in the presence of department managers, in order to solve individuals’ problems; this helps to improve the relationship between the local authority and the public. Inside the city council, a special office for complaints is dedicated to providing better service and has the reputation of quick responses and actions. EQUITY AND PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING Building capacities of local authority personnel to implement partnerships with the private sector and NGOs. A general feeling of frustration and despair dominates society while the educated elite are holding back and maintaining negativity. The percentage of young women workers (including extra help) does not exceed 1 percent. Encouraging NGOs and civil society to participate in the decision-making process. Only 20 percent of the 1,989 city council employees are women. Inadequate representation of women in the local city authority (4 percent) and in the local district council (2 percent). Civic societies are limited and have no effective role in the city, whether at the level of service provision or public participation. Single mothers are not included in society; accessing loans and permits is especially difficult. No clear/concrete partnerships or cooperation exist among the council, NGOs, and the private sector to support and develop the council’s services. Most of the women represented in the local authority are either high- or medium-ranked officials (managerial/technical and administration). RESOURCE MOBILISATION ISSUES OF RESPONSIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE Create a development strategy that involves all stakeholders of society The local authority’s centralised managerial style limits the possibilities of developing the managerial processes governing the services provided to the people. Some heads of departments are inefficient in putting the decisions and recommendations of the elected local council into practice. The local authority announces general tenders and bids through an internal system (bulletin board) and an external system (official newspapers). No partnerships exist with the private sector or NGOs. No actual partnerships in the disclosing and planning of budgets. There is no investment plan for the city which highlights potential investment to support local economic development. Budgets are not disclosed to citizens in a way that would allow them to evaluate performance and adequately participate in modifying the approaches. A lack of adequate planning exists, in addition to the shortage of cooperation among departments to approve such plans. The public local council is not adequately utilised because the new local management law took away several responsibilities from the council, including the effective implementation of accountability. Independent sources of revenue exist for the local authority. Big donations are given to the local authority from individuals such as elected members of parliament. 22

PROJECT PROPOSALS– GOVERNANCE
Developing leadership skills in the local council GOVERNANCE N° 2 Project proposal Building capacities of local authority personnel to implement partnerships with the private sector and NGOs LOCATION: Official training centres (Sakkara) and/or the Leadership Development Centre. On the premises of the local council in Menouf (meeting halls), using independent/external trainers. DURATION: Phase 1 (urgent) is six months; the long-term plan is to sustain the training programmes. BENEFICIARIES: The leaders of the local council and, in the long term, young cadres who would improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the services provided. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Specialised training centres, institutes, and the department of human resources in the council, which will directly affect all departments (engineering, urban planning, contracts, planning, legal, information, and decision support). ESTIMATED COST: US$100,000 Broken down as follows: 10 percent administration fees 40 percent training programmes 30 percent institutional support 20 percent office equipment BACKGROUND: Menouf endures a low standard of services provided to its citizens from the local authority. There is a lack of actual implementation of the principles of urban governance in terms of participation, decentralisation, transparency, and accountability. Decision making is centralised and management processes are often inefficient. OBJECTIVES: Adequate implementation of the principles of urban governance on all levels, starting from the level of decision makers and leaders and ending with the inclusion of all stakeholders in society in the decision-making processes. Stakeholders will also participate in creating concrete training plans and delivering specialised training programmes. In addition, providing the local authority with some electronic resources to enhance the managerial level and raise the efficiency of service delivery. ACTIVITIES: Condensed training programmes, providing the local authority with resources that would allow the trainees to implement what they learn; organizational consultancies and institutional support for the council. OUTPUTS: Capacities of leaders built and an improved level of services provided. STAFF REQUIERED: Specialised consultancy body in building capacity and institutional support. LOCATION: On the premises of the local council in Menouf (meeting halls), using independent/external trainers. Official training centres and institutes. DURATION: Six months BENEFICIARIES: Primarily the citizens of Menouf, followed by the private sector, the local authority, the governorate, and NGOs. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The local authority, including all its departments, NGOs, and the private sector. ESTIMATED COST: US$100,000 Broken down as follows: 10 percent administration fees 40 percent training programmes 30 percent institutional support 20 percent office equipment BACKGROUND: The managerial standard of the local authority is in need of major improvement, in order to better the level of services provided to the people. This situation has resulted from the low level of resources and the lack of trained cadres; in addition, NGOs have had a limited role. There is no cooperation among the local authority, NGOs, and the private sector and the potential of such cooperation for improving the general standard of services has been neglected. OBJECTIVES: Improving the skills of the department managers to initiate partnerships with the private sector and NGOs. ACTIVITIES: Intense training programmes; supporting the local authority with resources that could help the trained leaders to implement what they learn; institutional advice and organizational support; initiating professional relationships among the three sectors; and furnishing society with small-scale, service-oriented projects. OUTPUTS: Local authority leaders enabled to initiate partnerships among the local authority, the private sector, and NGOs (whether at the level of service provision or the level of initiating projects). STAFF REQUIRED: Specialised consultancy body in building capacity and providing institutional support; representatives of the three sectors at the decision-making level. 23

BUILDING CAPACITY & TRAINING - INSTITUTIONAL SETUP
PROJECT PROPOSALS – SLUMS AND SHELTER Priorities Threats Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Modern social housing survey. Ineffective management of urban areas is due to a lack of vision and institutional coordination, and is manifested in extended slum areas. Opportunity to collaborate on different efforts for slum upgrading. Opportunity to regularise informal settlements and finance services. Sixty-five percent of Menouf’s population live in unplanned areas. There is no modern land use plan for the city. There is no strategic plan identifying priority development actions or providing special areas for the poor. No articulation of city borders since 1935. Local authority encourages slum upgrading through the provision of infrastructure and services. SECURITY OF TENURE Codifying the conditions of the population residing in slum areas. Although there is a strong sense of security of tenure in slum areas, the absence of legislation and the difficulty with city expansion threaten inhabitants. Legalising possession of land and housing will increase private partnerships for providing services. Menouf is surrounded by agriculture land in all directions and is unable to expand. Urban laws and regulations are inappropriate for current urban conditions. The sense of having security of tenure has increased. No eviction cases have been recorded. Security of land and property tenure is established through court rulings (e.g. signing validity or the report of a consultant engineer certifying the safety of a buildings). MOBILISING RESOURCES Local economic development. Slum areas are vulnerable to crime and social ills due to the absence of security in the street. Possibilities for attracting investment; foreign efforts to prepare a national and regional development vision for Menouf. Opportunity to improve health conditions in slums through foreign support to the Family Medicine Project. Opportunities for income generation and improving the local economy through effective marketing of products (e.g. furniture). Some urban pockets are considered hotbeds of crime, especially because of prevailing unemployment, poverty, and absence of security. Absence of an industrial zone; poor infrastructure, inspection campaigns, fees, and licenses hinder the progress of the formal economy in informal areas. Poor people find difficulty accessing loans because of the required guarantees and documents, as well as the difficult procedures. No cooperation or coordination between NGO activities and local administration activities. Inferior economic level, due to the absence of a development vision, and difficulties in implementing legislation. Improved drinking water supply due to the new purification station. Local authority facilitates the procedures for accessing services – particularly drinking water and sanitation. BUILDING CAPACITY & TRAINING - INSTITUTIONAL SETUP Mechanism to update data, improve capabilities of dealing with slums, and improve coordination mechanisms. Upgrading the vision of the local authority is limited to the provision of infrastructure. Opportunities to improve personnel performance. Absence of a vision to deal with unplanned extensions. Ineffectiveness of the current courses and training. There is no support for capacity building of agencies, bilateral or multilateral. Policies support women in obtaining residential units and receiving financial support and credit (particularly for providers and abandoned women). Many workshops that improve the performance of employees. 24

PROJECT PROPOSALS– SLUMS AND SHELTERS
SLUMS & SHELTERS N° 1 Project proposal Master plan for Menouf city, surveying, and detailed planning SLUMS & SHELTERS N° 2 Project proposal Doubling the Menouf-Cairo railway line LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: Inhabitants of Menouf, especially in unplanned areas. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Local administration, NGOs, General Oraganisation of physical planning the Social Fund for Development, and the private sector. ESTIMATED COST: US$100,000 BACKGROUND: There is neither a modern city master plan for Menouf nor recent surveys that permit effective and efficient urban management, although there are maps available for the city. There is a reluctance to register land and buildings. Lengthy procedures and high registration fees keep inhabitants from registering their property. Residents of unplanned areas resorted to establishing security of tenure through court rulings. Infrastructure provided by the local municipality does not guarantee possession or secure tenure. The popular housing regions on the edges of rural-urban areas are merged with the growth of the city as part of physical expansion and are considered unplanned private properties (except Awqaf or endowments). OBJECTIVES: To enable effective urban management and upgrading of informal settlements by outlining a coordinated vision for the city. ACTIVITIES: (1) Conducting current surveys of housing needs. (2) Agreeing on priority issues and identifying sites for action. (3) Creating a strategic vision. (4) Urban planning for remaining sites. (5) Conducting feasibility studies and implementing. OUTPUTS: Upgrading of slums, reduction of poverty, elimination of crime, and transformation of informal settlements into formal urban areas. STAFF REQUIRED: NGOs, CBOs, experts in slum upgrading, and participation facilitator. LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: Menouf residents and traders. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Related NGOs, the Directorate of Local Development, local institutions, and the Social Fund for Development. ESTIMATED COST: US$50 million BACKGROUND: Menouf is located 42 km from the Menouf-Tanta railway and is 86 km from Cairo. The average number of train passengers is 2 million per month. There is one tunnel in Markaz Menouf that belongs to the railway authority. Twenty public transport buses run from Menouf to Cairo and Alexandria and vice versa. To link the city of Shebin Al-Kom, there are three buses, and five buses link El-Sadat city. OBJECTIVES: Menouf requires links with urban centres like Cairo, and needs to double its railway transport lines. ACTIVITIES: (1) Conducting current urban surveys. (2) Conducting suitability analysis. (3) Planning for the railway line, with curves. (4) Conducting feasibility studies. (5) Setting prices and implementing. OUTPUTS: Improved links between cities and improved trading and transport. STAFF REQUIRED: Experts, workers, and secondary staff. 25

INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP, CAPACITY BUILDING, AND TRAINING
PROJECT PROPOSALS – GENDER AND HIV/AIDS Priorities Threats Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Include gender issues in development plans. Due to the weak representation of women in the parliament, issues related to gender are neglected. Opportunities to ameliorate the status of women exist within the national centre for women and through implementing national policies that support women. No policies directed at the codification of women’s labour in informal activities (trade). No specific pro-women policies to overcome traditional obstacles that hinder the progress of women. Some urban policies negatively affect the female workforce. National policy encourages support to women by establishing associations for women. There are bureaus for family guidance in social affairs to discuss family problems and violence against women. ACCOUNTABILITY Activating educational programmes. Simplifying credit procedures. Putting an end to violence against women. Insufficient representation of women in popular councils and parliament leads to the neglect of gender issues. Deteriorating living conditions of women, an increase in poverty, and an increase in unemployment within families. National policies present opportunities to remove the sensitivity about violence cases and will help reduce the violence, if not stop it. Opportunities to empower women through international assistance. Bias against changing role of women is a cultural legacy. Difficulties in surveying cases of violence against women. Weakness in gender sensitivity at the local administration level and in local councils. No association or NGO specialises in gender issues. Customs and traditions make it difficult to address the phenomena of domestic violence and female circumcision. There are neither plans nor procedures for offering support to the women victims of violence. Many authorities adopt policies to combat violence generally. Laws have strict penalties for crimes committed against women. There are gender-disaggregated city statistics. No known infection of HIV/AIDS exists in Menouf. Many associations and organizations care for female-headed households, especially in informal settlements. INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP, CAPACITY BUILDING, AND TRAINING Providing resources and supporting suitable pro-women facilities. Guarantee suitable representation of women in the popular councils and in leadership. Continuing to neglect women politically and socially will further lower their status. Neglecting the informal female workforce will affect projects and income for many families. Need to activate donor finance for the development of pro-women projects. There is weak representation of women in public councils. There is no systematic data collected about the number of female-headed households. No coordination among various pro-women efforts. Due to demanding procedures, women cannot easily access credit from the Social Fund for Development. There is a specialised department for women’s affairs (gender unit) in the governorate structure as well as a committee in the popular councils. Constitution guarantees the representation of women in all jobs. Various activities supporting the consolidation of women, including association activities, seminars, and trainings carried out by NGOs. Eighty percent of the projects overseen by Social Services are pro-gender. 26

PROJECT PROPOSALS– GENDER AND HIV/AIDS
Project for improving modes of public transportation and street security GENDER HIV/AIDS N° 2 Project proposal Facilitation of procedures for obtaining credit (for women) LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: Women, youth, and their families. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Related NGOs, the Directorate of Social Solidarity, the Social Fund for Development, and the private sector. ESTIMATED COST: US$150,000 BACKGROUND: Women in Menouf contend with poor central services and a lack of public transportation for women who study at the University of Shebin Al-Kom. The absence of security in the city of Menouf (patrols) threatens girls who go to work or study outside city. OBJECTIVES: To provide suitable modes of transportation for women in and out of the city and intensify the presence of security on the street. ACTIVITIES: (1) Facilitate access to resources. (2) Identify needs for suitable transportation. (3) Improve the transportation and communication sector. (4) Improve the presence of security. OUTPUTS: Living conditions for families (both women and men) improved, poverty reduced, and violence against women eliminated. STAFF REQUIRED: Drivers, security staff, and secondary staff. LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: Women providers. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Related NGOs, the Directorate of Local Development, local institutions, the Social Fund for Development, and the private sector. ESTIMATED COST: US$50,000 BACKGROUND: The empowerment of women in the city starts with promoting the consolidation of resources and working on equality between women and men when it comes to economic opportunities (i.e. finance, credit, and loans from the Social Fund for Development). OBJECTIVES: Providing sources of income, supporting suitable pro-women facilities and simplifying the procedures for accessing credit. ACTIVITIES: (1) Accessing resources for simplifying procedures. (2) Establishing an information unit to record information about poor women. (3) Providing assistance to women and an investment guide. (4) Providing places for exhibitions of supported women products . OUTPUTS: Improved living conditions of families (both women and men), reduced poverty, diminished number of female informal workers, and developed craft industry. STAFF REQUIRED: Coordinator, facilitator, trainers, workers, and secondary staff. 27

PROJECTS PROPOSALS – ENVIRONMENT Priorities Threats Opportunities
Weaknesses Strengths REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Mitigate bureaucratic procedures and support partnerships. Develop institutional set-up of Menouf EMU. Improve local community associations’ capacities to work in the environmental field. Slowdown of court procedures in finalising environmental cases. Lack of measurement equipment results in reducing monitoring and inspection activities. The availability of financial resources from the central governorate to support environmental projects. UN-HABITAT and World Bank project is considered an opportunity for development. Menouf EMU lacks institutional support. Legal enforcement authority is not sufficient to stop contamination of water streams. Local community associations in Menouf city have no activities related to the environment. Non-compliance of private sector owners with environmental regulations, especially if they are costly. Governorate is concerned with environmental issues and exerts serious efforts to improve environmental conditions. Coordination between Menouf EMU and different actors: the police, the agriculture sector, the irrigation sector, and persons involved in industrial safety. RESOURCE MOBILISATION – FINANCE Assist Menouf EMU to obtain a percentage of collected revenues from environmental fines. Support Menouf EMU financially and provide it with essential measurement equipment. Collected revenues from environmental fines that go directly to the environmental protection fund in Cairo progressively weaken the EMU. Lack of equipment essential for environmental monitoring progressively reduces capacities. The availability of financial resources from the centre – the Ministry of Local Development and EEAA are to support some environmental projects, though the funds are not sufficient. UN-HABITAT and World Bank concern about Menouf, considering it one of the priority cities for development. EMU has no allocated budget because it is mainly a coordinating unit. Thus it depends on some resources from the central governorate Menouf EMU lacks measurement equipment and transportation means. There is improper and insufficient equipment for solid waste collection. There is no budget allocated for environmental awareness. EEAA provides Menouf EMU with some equipment and instruments, though they are not sufficient. Donations are collected from businessmen and, together with part of the collected fines, go directly to the services fund. The collected money provides resources to support environmental projects. PERFORMANCE – REDUCING POLLUTION Developing training programmes for Menouf EMU officials to improve their performance. Implement awareness-raising programmes for inhabitants. Implement programmes addressing all kinds of pollution, especially noise pollution and garbage accumulation. Continuation of sewage disposal in water streams will increase water contamination in the future and thus increase the spread of diseases. Villages surrounding the city are disposing of sewage in canals and drainages, thus polluting potential drinking water. Increasing pollution rates in the Pharaoh Sea will result in the loss of fish. Solid waste accumulation in city streets results in the spread of diseases. Uncontrolled industrial areas will lead to high rates of noise and air pollution, affecting residential areas. The Governorate concern about environmental issues. General administration for fishery is exerting efforts to preserve fishery in the Pharaoh Sea. The availability of an incinerator in Sers El-Lian, which could be used temporarily. Lack of integrated solid waste management, resulting in waste accumulation in the streets. Contamination of water streams due to agricultural waste and sewage disposal. High rates of air pollution from different sources. Mix of industrial and residential activities produces harmful emissions, besides noise and annoyance. Current training activities are not addressing the needs of Menouf EMU officials. Allocated budget for training activities is rather weak and the training topics are repeated. No allocated budget for awareness-raising programmes. Resistance of private sector to environmental regulations, especially if they are costly. The incinerator in Menouf General Hospital is not capable of covering the needs. Governorate inclusion of environmental issues (such as air pollution and safe disposal of solid waste) in development plans. Governorate made an effort to force factories to comply with environmental regulations. 28

PROJECTS PROPOSALS – ENVIRONMENT
Project proposal Establishing an area for craftsmen outside Menouf city, relocating all noisy workshops from inside the city ENVIRONMENT N° 2 Project proposal Developing an occupational training centre affiliated with the housing directorate, in order to train youth in micro-enterprise development LOCATION: Menouf city (an area outside the city to be determined by the planning department). DURATION: 20 months BENEFICIARIES: Inhabitants of Menouf city, small workshop owners, the youth, and businessmen. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The Menoufiya Governorate Planning Department, businessmen, the Social Fund for Development, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, UN-HABITAT, and the World Bank. ESTIMATED COST: US$200,000 BACKGROUND: Menouf city suffers from the spread of small workshops, which interpenetrate with residential activities and produce air pollution and noise. The proposed project is a civilised vision for the city. OBJECTIVES: To minimise air and noise pollution in Menouf city in order to achieve higher standards. To gather small workshops in a well-planned area far from residential areas. To reuse the empty sites for urban development (after relocating the small workshops). To create job opportunities for the youth. ACTIVITIES: (1) Identify the number and sizes of the small workshops that need to be transferred, in order to estimate the size of the required new area. (2) Identify the proper site (planning department). (3) Prepare a detailed plan for the project site. (4) Estimate the cost and gather different partner contributions. (5) Implement the project by participatory means. (6) Assign new workshops to the owners of old workshops and finalise the issuance of licenses. (7) Allocate extra workshops for businessmen, based on demand and request. (8) Reuse empty sites inside the city as per the city development plan. OUTPUTS: Decreased air and noise pollution in Menouf; building aesthetics developed; job opportunities created for the youth; businessmen mobilised to invest their money; land for development provided inside Menouf city. STAFF REQUIRED: Experts from the engineering or planning department in the governorate or a private planning firm (to prepare the detailed plan), key coordinator/facilitator of project activities, supporting administrative staff, contractor for implementation, and support, technical, executive, and secondary staff. LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 15 months BENEFICIARIES: Inhabitants of Menouf city and the youth. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The Menoufiya Governorate Housing Directorate, businessmen, the Social Fund for Development, UN-HABITAT, and the World Bank. ESTIMATED COST: US$150,000 BACKGROUND: The occupational training centre in Menouf city, which is affiliated with the housing directorate, is not adequate to fulfil the training needs of the youth. In addition, there is a lack of available resources to develop it. OBJECTIVES: To improve small business skills. To create job opportunities for the youth. To open up new markets for products. ACTIVITIES: (1) Prepare a training needs assessment to identify the required training fields. Estimate the required human resources (trainers) as well as the necessary equipment. (2) Develop a detailed budget for required salaries, building development, equipment, and materials for implementing training activities. (3) Estimate and gather different partner contributions. (4) Implement building maintenance and improvement activities. (5) Purchase required equipment and materials. (6) Implement training of trainers (TOT) programmes to develop staff skills. (7) Create local programmes for marketing products. OUTPUTS: The occupational training centre developed and capable of providing the youth with the proper training to initiate micro-enterprises. In addition, a number of job opportunities for the trained youth created, and support provided for marketing their products. STAFF REQUIRED: An expert to prepare the training needs assessment, an expert to prepare and train trainers, a number of youth who are capable of being trainers (from the housing directorate or other institutions), supporting staff, and a contractor for the implementation of the required building maintenance and improvement. 29

PROJECT PROPOSALS – BASIC URBAN SERVICES Threats Weaknesses
Priorities Threats Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths PROVISION OF BASIC URBAN SERVICES A drainage facility for the deprived areas. Getting rid of solid waste. Improving traffic congestion. Isolating electric wires to reduce danger. The absence of an integrated solid waste management system creates an environmental risk. Continuation of sewage disposal in water streams will increase water contamination in the future and thus increase the spread of diseases. Villages surrounding the city are disposing of sewage in canals and drainages, thus polluting potential drinking water. The Governorate concern about environmental issues. Water: There is a lack of labourers in the water sector. Labour training programme in the water and drainage sector is unsufficent.. The old water station is not operational. Drainage Facilities: The first and second treatment phases at Kafr Sanabsa treatment station (11,000–19,000m3/day) are weak. There are two deteriorating expulsion lines between pumping stations (affecting the three stations). The urban area is deprived of a drainage facility. Solid Waste: The absence of an integrated system to manage solid waste, as well as the absence of a healthy landfill. Civil society lacks knowledge of how to treat or deal with solid waste. Waste accumulation in narrow streets is a problem. Electricity: Most electrical lines are not isolated. Transportation and Roads: Narrow streets cause traffic congestion. Traffic flow is a problem at the railway crossing. The city entrance from Sers El-Lian is too narrow. Drinking water covers city needs. Water quality is good and water pressure has improved. About 30 percent of the network has been refurbished with new PVC lines. A new purification station was established in 2001, serving Menouf, Sers El-Lian, and Bagour. Menouf's old water station was upgraded. Sanitation service covers most of the city, but there are some deprived urban areas. There is a treatment station (19,000 m3/day) along with three pumping stations. The city’s drainage network expulsion lines have been renewed and replaced. El-Sadat city has a healthy solid waste dumpsite project (47 feddans of land have been allocated 39 km from El-Sadat). Transportations and Roads: There is variety in the available transportation means inside the city, whether private or public. RESOURCE MOBILISATION Partnerships for financial support to provide needed facilities. The availability of financial resources from the central governorate to support infrastructure projects. Insufficient resources to complete the facilities and services for all parts of the city. The absence of foreign aid. The country public budget and the governorate investment plan. INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP Establish a partnership between the local authority and NGOs for the provision of services. Solid waste accumulation in city streets results in the spread of diseases The presence of recycling factory in the adjacent city is a starting point for efficient collection of solid waste. The city’s solid waste collection and recycling need capable NGOs and coordination with the local administration. Collecting and recycling solid waste by the environment department has improved. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING Capacity building of NGOs to contribute to solid waste management. . The lack of resources for effective solid waste services will progressively undermine the sector. UN-HABITAT and World Bank concern about Menouf, considering it one of the priority cities for development. The lack of labourers in the water and sanitation sector. Limited workers and equipment for collecting solid waste. Training programme in the Ministry of Local Development to train engineers and technicians. 30

PROJECT PROPOSALS– BASIC URBAN SERVICES
BUS N° 1 Project proposal Renewing and replacing the current network lines BUS N° 2 Project proposal Construction of a bridge to connect the Cairo-Sers El-Lian road and the city centre LOCATION: Menouf DURATION: 24 months BENEFICIARIES: City inhabitants. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The water company and the local authority. ESTIMATED COST: Unspecified BACKGROUND: Water lines in Menouf are mainly made of asbestos and old iron pipes. These leak water and asbestos is a possible public health risk. About 30 percent of the network has been changed. OBJECTIVES: Diminish the possible danger to health resulting from asbestos. Reduce water leakage. ACTIVITIES: Data collection; design of system; implementation. OUTPUTS: Increasing the provision of healthy water. STAFF REQUIRED: Coordinator, engineers, and labourers. LOCATION: Menouf DURATION: More than two years. BENEFICIARIES: City inhabitants and travellers. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The Ministry of Housing and the local administration. ESTIMATED COST: Unspecified BACKGROUND: The city entrance from Sers El-Lian narrows, resulting in excessive traffic congestion as the road crosses the railroad. OBJECTIVES: Establish the free flow of traffic to the city centre. ACTIVITIES: Plan city entrance and railroad intersection, design the bridge, and construct the facility. OUTPUTS: Continuous flow of traffic; improved connectivity with the region and with Cairo. STAFF REQUIRED: Coordinator, engineers, and labourers. BUS N°3 Project proposal Improvement and widening of the Sers El-Lian Road LOCATION: Menouf DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: City inhabitants and travellers. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: The Ministry of Housing and the local authority. ESTIMATED COST: Unspecified BACKGROUND: City inhabitants and visitors suffer from the congestion at the narrow road entrance from Sers El-Lian. OBJECTIVES: To allow free-flowing vehicle movement. ACTIVITIES: Plan the urban setting, redesign the road, and implement the project. OUTPUTS: Wider road from Sers El-Lian; free-flowing traffic. STAFF REQUIRED: Coordinator, planner, engineers, and labourers. 31

PROJECT PROPOSALS – LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Priorities Threats
Opportunities Weaknesses Strengths LOCAL ECONOMIC DYNAMICS AND LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Increasing employment. Attracting investment. Establishing projects in the hinterland will lead to difficulty encouraging the growth of projects in the city. Moving economic establishments to a new area will increase workers’ travel costs. The increase of small enterprises loans depends on the Social Fund for Development and international financing organizations; this will place policy control in centralised institutions. The high rate of poverty. The political dimension of aid and assistance. The inability and refusal of the Social Fund for Development to cooperate with the local civil associations. Exploitation of Awqaf lands in establishing a handicraft city. Availability of the desert hinterland for establishing a handicraft city. Using the agriculture syndicate as a training centre for all kinds of crafts. Increasing job opportunities through granting loans for small and medium-sized enterprises (possibly through the Social Development Fund). Activating the role of the main NGOs in developing small and medium-sized enterprises in Menouf. The possibility of finding an appropriate mechanism to coordinate the efforts of the government, the private sector, NGOs, and donors to develop the local economy. Overpopulation has led to high unemployment. The possibilities of horizontal expansion are limited. The local authority does not specify the priorities of local economic development. Practical unavailability of loans due to the extensive guarantees that are required. No training centre. The network is narrow and congested. Public transportation is nonexistent. Insufficient trains. The difficulty of licensing workshops in the housing area. The existence of many non-licensed workshops. No clear vision for the private sector in local economic development. No clear vision for the main charitable institutions in the city in local economic development; its role is restricted to humanitarian relief. NGOs are not effective in adopting plans for local economic development. No relationship between the Social Fund for Development and the NGOs in promoting local economic development. Solving small enterprise problems is based on individual initiatives and not on measures applied to all. Difficulty accessing credit. Bureaucratic problems. Insufficient finance mechanisms to support and enable NGOs to develop the local economy. Abundance of cheap labour. The existence of good agricultural lands and products. Three railway lines in Menouf. The city is near the desert hinterland. There are Awqaf (endowment) lands of 20,000 feddans outside the housing area. Menouf is the commercial centre of the four neighbouring districts. Many furniture workshops and other craft workshops. The existence of a five-floor agriculture union building on an area of 1,060 m². CURRENT PROGRAMMES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Build capacities. Build partnerships for economic development. Nonexistent NGO network. Increasing the flow of products to and from nearby markets. There is no tangible support from the private sector, NGOs, or bilateral and multilateral agencies in the field of capability building. The poor face obstacles when trying to access credit, as guarantee requirements are stringent and the poor often have limited small business experience. El-Ezz Foundation ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC OUTFLOW AND THE MARKET – TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING Improve markets in the city. Slowdown in commerce by neglecting regional transportation networks to major urban areas Strengthening its unique marketing role. Opening up the city by improving regional transportation networks to major urban areas There is no tangible subsidy in the field of capacity building from the private sector, NGOs, or bilateral or multilateral agencies. Few purchase supplies from outside the city. The city acts as a source of products for distribution to cities located around it. 32

PROJECT PROPOSALS – LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
LED N° 1 Proposed Project Establishing a handicraft area LED N° 2 Proposed Project Activating a crafts training centre LOCATION: Menouf city or desert hinterland. DURATION: Four years BENEFICIARIES: Small craftsmen and graduate youth. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: . Local authority (to provide infrastructure) .Private investors or commercial banks (to build workshops and small manufacturing plants) ESTIMATED COST: US$ 2.5 million BACKGROUND: The main problems in Menouf are the high rate of unemployment and limited expansion possibilities. Menouf has a large number of craftsmen who have been establishing their workshops in inhabited areas; this has led to pollution and noise. Menouf has a piece of Awqaf land (13 feddans) outside the housing mass that can be used to establish a handicraft city. In case of any difficulties, the handicraft city can be established in the desert hinterland. OBJECTIVES: Establish a handicraft city outside inhabited areas with the aim of consolidating the crafts businesses, transferring noisy, polluting workshops away from residential areas, reducing the problems among craftsmen, the police, and the municipal authority, and creating a suitable place for fresh graduates and youth to start their projects. ACTIVITIES: (1) Utilise modern machinery and equipment for handicrafts (2) specify an area in the city boundary to group small handicrafts. (3) providing an independent network for sanitary and water. (4) specify a system for solid waste management. OUTPUTS: New job opportunities created, existent jobs maintained, and noise and air pollution in the city eliminated. STAFF REQUIRED: Many workers, construction companies, contractors, and street-paving companies. LOCATION: Menouf city DURATION: 12 months BENEFICIARIES: Small craftsmen and graduate youth. IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Menoufiya Governorate, private sector investors, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, NGOs, and the Social Fund for Development, ESTIMATED COST: US$20,000 for each centre (5 centres). BACKGROUND: The agriculture syndicate in Menouf has a five-floor building with an area of 1,060 m². The building has been not used so far and it can be used as a training centre for all kinds of crafts. It is recommended that each centre has advanced machinery for training and offers very tailored training courses for craftsmen, transferring the latest technology, tools, and methods. The training courses should train fresh graduates to facilitate their integration into the market. OBJECTIVES: Improve the skills of the youth and the crafts community in Menouf. ACTIVITIES: (1) Utilise modern machinery and equipment to train youth and craftsmen. (2) Engage very skilled trainers to do the training. OUTPUTS: Skills of craftsmen in small enterprises improved, unemployment in the city reduced, and living standards of the people and trained workers improved. STAFF REQUIRED: Manager, secretary, two assistants, and ten trainers. 33

MENOUF CITY CONSULTATION - 18 JULY 2006 ATTENDANCE LIST
Name & Position Muhammad Yahya Said Gharabawi, President of the Local Council Salah Said Morsi Consultant Engineer Abdul Hamid Azzedine Warden, Business School of Menouf Mahuad Ismail al-Shami Officer in the Railway Authority Nabil Mohammed Abdel-Hamid, General Tax Jabir Abdul Hamid Ahmad, City Council Menouf Nabil Mohammed, Member of the local council Ashraf Attia, Salah Ibrahim Abu Kpcheh, Building materials dealer Ahmed Zaki Shaburi, Supply Inspector Fathi Sedik Shaburi, General manager Electrostatic Co. Musaad Jalal Abdul Waheed, Sponsored the first youth specialist Hussein Abdel-Wahid Khadr, Director networks of Menouf Muhammad Hassan Ali Issa, City Agricultural Management Name & Position Aly Ahmed El Hadary, City Council Menouf Muhammad Munir Jabala, Private sector Salwa Mohammed Gharabawi, Financial Manager's Menouf Ahmed Adel Mohammed, Consultant of health insurance Mohammed Aly, Researcher legal and secretary NDP youth Mohamed Galal ElAzab, Secretary of Peasants of Menouf Jamal Ibrahim Badr, Auditor of Finance Adel Hamid Aly Khalid, Engineer of organization Muhammad Abdullah Khadr, Somaya Hamid Kattan, Environmental Affairs Council city Sami Mohammed Jalal, Osama Anwar Shaheen, Mahmoud Mohammed Mazroua, General Manager of the Social Solidarity Abdel Hamid Mahmoud Omar, Private carpentry workshop Name & Position Mohamed Mohamed Metwalli, Chairman City of Menouf Salah Al Mokadem, Director of the Office of the Secretary-General of the National Democratic Party Awatef Abdel Shafi Aly, Secretariat for Women Muhammad Muhammad El Wakeel, Member of the local Council Mustafa Abdel Azim Abu Zeid, The future generation association Abdul Azim Ahmad Muqalled, Secretary of the National Democratic Party Halim Saad Nafi, City Council Menouf Mustafa Mohamed Abu Musharraf, Member of partisan unit Muhammad Haspen Dandan, Member of the local council Mohammed Sadiq Rashidi, Mr. Saleh Mohammed Murad, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Youth Wahiba Mohammad Sabri al-Sharqawi, Residents Hanan Farouk Essam, Secretary of Women Mohamed Abdel – Shaheed, Menouf supply and logistics CONTACTS: Alioune Badiane, Chief, Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States, Mohamed El Sioufi, Senior Human Settlements Officer, RUSPS coordinator, Ali El-Faramawy, Program Manager, UN-HABITAT National Office, Egypt, EGYPT RUSPS TEAM Hassanien Abouzeid, Abdelwahab Helmy, Moustafa Madbouly, Ghada Farouk Hassan, Heba Aboul Fadl, Mohab El Refaie, Doaa El Sherif, Alia El Mahdi, Anwar El Nakeeb and Mohamed Eid.

MENOUF UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

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