1. Parade of Kingdoms Review Chapters 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34

2. Name the 3 domains used today to classify organisms Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Organisms are divided into the 3 DOMAINS based on the kind of ________________ they have. Ribosomal RNA

3. Name this diagram used to show evolutionary relationships between organisms cladogram Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

4. Name the 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Which kingdoms are included in the DOMAIN EUKARYA? Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

5. Bacteria that can live in HOT environments like volcano vents are called ______________ thermophiles Explain how thermophiles are useful in running PCR? Enzyme (Taq polymerase) from a thermophilic bacteria is used in PCR because it can withstand the higher temps used in the PCR process From slide show by Kim Foglia http://www.explorebiology.com

6. Bacteria that can survive in very SALTY environments are called _________________ halophiles Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name Binomial nomenclature

7. The evolutionary history of an organism = ____________ phylogeny Large taxonomic group made up of closely related phyla; top level in Linnaeus’s classification hierarchy kingdom

8. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members which are used to create cladograms Derived characters The science of classifying and naming organisms taxonomy

9. Group of closely related classes Phylum (pl. phyla) Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently Molecular clock

10. Group of similar orders CLASS Most inclusive taxonomic category based on ribosomal RNA; Taxon level above kingdom in today’s hierarchy DOMAIN

11. Group of similar families ORDER Swedish botanist who came up with a classification system that groups organisms in a 7 level hierarchy and gives each a 2 part scientific name Carolus Linnaeus

12. Group of genera that share many characteristics FAMILY Greek philosopher and teacher that came up with the first classification system that separated organisms into 2 groups … plants or animals Aristotle

13. The 1st part of a two part scientific name that is always capitalized genus Polysaccharide molecule found in plant cell walls that makes them different from bacteria and fungi cellulose

14. The 2nd part of a two part scientific name species Polysaccharide molecule found in the cell walls of some fungi that makes them different from bacteria and plants chitin

15. Organisms that use oxygen for cellular respiration and can’t live without it are called obligate aerobes Molecule found in the cell walls of bacteria that makes them different from fungi and plants peptidoglycan

16. Polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in bacteria = ___________________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481

17. Organisms that are poisoned by oxygen like Clostridium botulinum are called obligate anaerobes Organisms that can use oxygen if it is present for cellular respiration, but can also grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment Facultative anaerobes

18. Kingdom that includes all prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls Eubacteria Kingdom that includes all multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs with no cell walls or chloroplasts Animalia

19. Kingdom with includes heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitin in their cell walls Fungi Kingdom that includes multicellular eukaryotes that have chloroplasts for photosynthesis and have cell walls made of cellulose Plantae

20. Kingdom that includes prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls Archaebacteria Diverse kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi Protista

21. The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. To which species does it belong? rubrum Do you know a silly phrase that will help you to remember the 7 hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s classification system? Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach. Kings play chess on fat green stools. Kids playing chicken on freeways get squished. King Phillip cried, “Oh for goodness sake”.

22. NAME the 7 taxonomic levels in Linnaeus’s hierarchy in order starting with the largest _________________ Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

23. _____________ ____________ Name the KINGOM for these organisms: PLANTAE FUNGI

24. The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. To which genus does it belong? Acer The correct way to write the scientific name for lion is ________ Panthera leo panthera leo Panthera Leo Panthera leo Panthera leo or Panthera leo 1 st name capitalized, second name lower case, Underlined or in italics

25. Name the original kingdom in the 5-Kingdom system that was split into 2 separate bacterial kingdoms MONERA Name the two kingdoms that resulted from this split Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

26. Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify organisms today Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia The scientific name for humans is _______ ________ Homo sapiens (OR Homo sapiens)

27. Based on this cladogram, which of the following is true? TRUE Roaches and mantids share a more recent common ancestor than do roaches and termites. Roaches and mantids share a more recent common ancestor than do termites and mantids. Termites and mantids do not share a common ancestor. TRUE FALSE

28. Euglena, paramecium, and amoeba belong in the domain __________ and the kingdom ______________ Eukarya Give an example of an organism in the fungi kingdom. Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold Protista

29. ______________ Name the DOMAIN for these organisms: Eukarya

30. Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis autotroph Cell with out a nuclear envelope prokaryote

31. Which DOMAIN includes all the living things whose cells have a nucleus? Eukarya Which polyphyletic kingdom includes the most diverse organisms because they are grouped by what characteristics they don’t have rather than what they have in common? Protista

32. ______________ Name the KINGDOM for these organisms: PROTISTA ANIMALIA

33. The Endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis suggests which two organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryote ancestors? Mitochondria & chloroplasts ___________ form when plant roots + fungi live symbiotically Mycorrhizae

34. Give an example of the kinds of organisms that would be found in the Archaea domain Halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is called a ___________ eukaryote

35. Name the three shapes of bacteria Spherical- cocci Rod shaped- bacilli Spiral-spirilli Bacteria are ____________ prokaryotes eukaryotes prokaryotes

36. ______________ _______________ Name the KINGDOM EUBACTERIA FUNGI ANIMALIA Includes PROKARYOTES with peptidoglycan in their cell walls Includes HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES with CHITIN in their cell walls Includes HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES without chloroplasts or cell walls

37. ______________ _______________ Name the KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA PLANTAE PROTISTA Includes PROKARYOTES WITHOUT peptidoglycan in their cell walls Includes AUTOTROPHIC EUKARYOTES with chloroplasts & cellulose in their cell walls Includes EUKARYOTES that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi

38. COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING ARCHAEABACTERIAEUKARYA Nuclear envelope Membrane enclosed organelles Peptidoglycan in cell wall Histones associated with DNA NO YES NO YES NOYESNO YESNO YES

39. COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING ARCHAEABACTERIAEUKARYA Circular chromosome Introns RNA Polymerase Ability to grow at temps > 100° YES NO YES Present in some genes NO YES Several kinds 1 kind Several kinds YESNO

40. COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING FungiProtistPlantAnimal Cell wall AUTO/ HETEROTROPH Multi/uni Cellular Chitin cellulose Some chitin Some cellulose Some none NO cell wall HETERO HETERO & AUTO AUTO HETERO Most multi; except yeast Both Multi

41. Name the three ways protists move Flagella, cilia, pseudopods Tell how bacterial flagella are different from eukaryotic flagella Eukaryotic flagella-made from microtubules in 9 + 2 pattern; covered by plasma membrane Bacteria- single filament; no plasma membrane

42. Which theory proposed by Lynn Margulis explains the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts? Endosymbiotic theory __________form when algae + fungi live symbiotically LICHENS

43. Name some of the beneficial roles fungi play Decomposers in ecosystems Lichens-pioneer species in ecosystems makes soil from bare rock Food-mushrooms, morrels yeast makes bread rise/beer/yogurt Mycorrhizae-increase plant growth Antibiotics-penicillin

44. Tell two ways spores are produced during the fungal lifecycle. Asexual-mycelium make spores via mitosis Sexual- diploid zygote formed by fusion of mycelia undergoes meiosis to make spores Fungi are ____________ heterotrophs autotrophs heterotrophs

45. The interwoven fungal mass of hyphae that surrounds and infiltrates the material the fungus feeds on is called a ____________ mycelium Fungi spend the majority of their lifecycle as __ organisms. 1n 2n 1n

46. What are some ways bacteria are modified geneticially Mutation Conjugation-”bacterial sex” Plasmid transfer Transformation- pick up ‘naked’ DNA from envrionment Transduction- viruses transfer DNA

47. How is gram staining used to distinguish differences in bacterial cell walls? Gram + has peptidoglycan cell wall Gram – has peptidoglycan cell wall covered by lipopolysaccharide layer Process in which nitrates/nitrites in the soil are converted to nitrogen gas in the atmosphere denitrification

48. What is the medical significance of Gram-negative bacteria? Gram negative bacteria are more pathogenic Outer lipopolysaccharide layer is often toxic, protects bacteria against body’s defenses, and resists antibiotics Small extrachromosomal circular DNA found in bacteria plasmid

49. The process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into ammonia is called Nitrogen fixation Cytoplasmic region in bacteria where DNA is located Nucleoid region

50. The process by which bacteria convert ammmonia in the soil into nitrates and nitrites is called Nitrification Peptidoglycan is made from which molecules? Network of sugar polymers crosslinked by polypeptides

51. Name some of the beneficial roles bacteria play Decomposers in ecosystems Nitrogen cycle- nitrogen fixation- N 2 gas → ammonia nitrification- ammonia → nitrates/nitrites denitrification- nitrates/nitrites → N 2 gas Symbiosis in digestive tract make cellulase to break down cellulose make vitamin K & B 12 Genetically engineered bacteria- produce insulin/human growth hormone