1. Community Planning & Design 0101049
社区规划与设计(4) —社区规划设计
Community Planning & Design

2. A Brief History (1)
Defensive outpost: live in close proximity within a walled enclosure with agricultural fields around the perimeter .

3. A Brief History (2)
费城1683年规划(by William Penn, established a new pattern for town design, one that could easily sustain growth)
1785 the Land Ordinance , pioneers moved west, frontier town has uniform size of 6 s. miles.

4. A Brief History (3)
City Beautiful Movement, 1893 the World Columbian Exposition;
Garden City Movement, by social reformer, Ebenezer Howard (1898) Tomorrow: a peaceful path to real reform;

5. A Brief History (3) (late 19th C. to mid-20th)
Last half C. with a preoccupation of parcel plan reviews that focus myopically on the minutiae of detail rather than on how to accommodate growth effectively to make better places for people to live.
Think of our communities as Living organisms
Not the domain of a single professional group. It has to be a cooperative effort between the public and private sectors if we really want to start making better places to live.

6. Rudimentary tools for this task are already in place in the form of an existing system of site plan, zoning regulations.
However, this system’s flaws lie in the fact that it offers guidelines for solutions that are minimally acceptable rather than requiring the very best. The essential character of many communities has been lost, making it almost impossible to distinguish one region of the country from another.

7. What is community design?
The art of making sustainable living places that both thrive and adapt to people’s needs for shelter, livelihood, commerce, recreation and social order.
The nature of community design suggests some predetermined intention rather than haphazard coincidence. But it is more than the adherence to a set of rules for development or a means for implementing the political will of government. It is the merging of what we know about ourselves with what we know about our neighbor when we chose to live in proximity to one another.

8. The Building Block of Community Design
From a physical standpoint, the components apparent in successful communities can be inferred from The Image of the City –Kevin Lynch (1960)
Paths
Edges
Districts
Nodes
Landmarks

9. Paths:
predominant form-giving element within a community; including walkways, streets, transit lanes, canals, railways and interstate highways. They are lifelines along which the majority of activity takes place and adjacent to which lies all the functions a community depends on: gov., commerce, industry and housing.
In true communities, there are networks of paths for automobiles, pedestrians, bicylcists, mass transits and wildlife. Automobiles are not given priority over every other user.
Boulevard\avenue\street\close\alley\lane: disperse traffic as evenly as possible, optimize opportunities for citizens to chose the best mode or route to travel.
Anticipate a variety of users
Create a balanced environment;
传统方法: 支路、次干道、干道？

10. Edges
Linear elements that are the boundaries between two kinds of districts. While not as dominant as paths, they are perceived as strong organizing elements. They are lively, positive places or shared open spaces. They could be paths such as landscaped boulevards, or they could be creeks, farmland, and forest.

11. Districts
Areas that can be entered. You know when you get there. Buildings or structures within a district share certain recognizable commonalities and characteristics.

12. Nodes
Specific points in a community that have a name/ place recognition value. They are points to and from which people travel, and very often they serve as the center or core of a district. Nodes are closely associated with paths and thus can also be found at the transition points between districts.
Another important characteristic of nodes is that they are usually thematic in nature.

13. Landmarks
Are very similar to nodes, but are usually perceived as a single element, either structural or natural. They are the reference points used by all in navigating a path through the community, and they usually take the form of great public spaces, artwork, or a significant building.
Landmarks usually contrast greatly with their background in which they are perceived, which enhances their visual importance in the landscape as beacons or reference points. They evoke a feeling of familiarity with a particular area and helps to establish an identity for it.

14. tools
Axial design: very powerful space articulator, usually overpower the other organizing elements. Linear in nature, is used to establish order, and serve to connect two or more features or terminal points.
Formality? Rigidity?

15. Hierarchy
The gradation of design features, important in any spatial design;
One of the best methods to reduce a grandly scaled space to a more comfortable human scale.
Drama and excitement be enhanced.

16. Transition
Join adjacent space; transitions are overlap areas that exhibit characteristics of both or all of the spaces that meet in a certain location. Repetition of a design element, similar sizing, color of architectural features, or landscape materials, or even the continuation of paving patterns,

17. Dominant Feature
Create contrast; crescendos to climax, art (focus), focal point gives a space a purpose, (empty)
How many?

18. Sense of enclosure
Scale of space

19. Direct Relationship between the height of vertical elements and horizontal distance between them that must be respected in creating a functional yet comfortable space.
H>d? vertical >space
D>4*h? sense of enclosure lost
Fall btw thw two extremes at a ratio 2-3 D/H,desirable

20. Circulation: enrich a static space, 2 lanes to 6, 8 lanes
Circulation: enrich a static space, 2 lanes to 6, 8 lanes? Function or space?
Open space: ethereal?

21. The spatial components
Circulation
Open space: seemingly void zone between vertical element-not just the leftovers.
Structure: > 25%
Multiple buildings of exactly uniform height/avoided.

22. Where does community design begin?
Maps
Information
Comprehensive plans
Zoning ordinances
Soil surveys
Team?

23. Analysis drawings Existing conditions map A site analysis
Character analysis

24. The design phase Never one perfect plan.
The optimum solution will probably be the one that is the best marriage of the market-driven goals of the program and the desires of the community. –not necessarily the one that makes the prettiest picture.
Freehand graphic sketch plan
Bubble diagram