1. Eisenhower and the 1950’s McElhaneyAPUSH

2. The 1950s The 1950s A. Emergence of the modern civil rights movement B. The affluent society and “the other America” C. Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle class America D. Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels E. Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism Domestic frustrations; McCarthyism Domestic frustrations; McCarthyism Civil rights movement The Warren Court and Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery bus boycott Greensboro sit-in John Foster Dulles' foreign policy Crisis in Southeast Asia Massive retaliation Nationalism in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America Khrushchev and Berlin American people: homogenized society Prosperity: economic consolidation Consumer culture Consensus of values Space race

3. Trends in the 1950’s Domestic Developments Republican Take the presidency Republican Take the presidency McCarthyism continues then dies McCarthyism continues then dies American Economy develops American Economy develops Baby Boom- more kids are born than ever before Baby Boom- more kids are born than ever before Housing boom -suburbs and Levvit begin a new form of urban development Housing boom -suburbs and Levvit begin a new form of urban development Beat Generation Beat Generation Commercialism/Materialism- ”buy, buy, buy…” Popular culture-Rock and roll Civil Rights Movement Desegregation of Schools- Central High, Little Rock Martin Luther King comes on the scene with Montgomery Bus Boycott Cold War Develops Korean War/Peace Arms Race/Arms Build up (H-Bomb) Problems with Vietnam develop (Domino Theory) Cold War Moves to the Middle East- Egypt and Iran Central America- Guatemala CIA grows as a Cold War institution

4. Affluent Society The 1950’s can be seen as a time of prosperity and growth for many Americans The 1950’s can be seen as a time of prosperity and growth for many Americans 52 million jobs- return of defense spending 52 million jobs- return of defense spending New appliances New appliances Home buying/building explodes with easy credit Home buying/building explodes with easy credit Social Security covered more Americans Social Security covered more Americans Stock Market grew and attracted middle class investors Stock Market grew and attracted middle class investors Television/Advertising/Consumerism Television/Advertising/Consumerism Family incomes rise 30% and GNP 37% increase Family incomes rise 30% and GNP 37% increase 3/4ths of Americans own automobiles- 1 in 6 own two 3/4ths of Americans own automobiles- 1 in 6 own two Unemployment 4% Unemployment 4% Sports/Education/Magazines/Leisure activities explode Sports/Education/Magazines/Leisure activities explode Labor gains benefits and protections Labor gains benefits and protections Women encouraged to be house wives and mothers Women encouraged to be house wives and mothers

5. Origins of Korean War 1945 August the Soviet Union declared war on Japan 1945 August the Soviet Union declared war on Japan When Japan surrendered Soviets controlled North part of Korea- installed Communist government- Kim Ill Sung When Japan surrendered Soviets controlled North part of Korea- installed Communist government- Kim Ill Sung US forces controlled Southern part of Korea US forces controlled Southern part of Korea Installed pro-US government- corrupt- Syngman Rhee Installed pro-US government- corrupt- Syngman Rhee

6. Korea Kim Ill Sung- wanted to unite the peninsula and Soviets supported the attack but would not send troops to help. North Koreans Invade June 1950 South Korean forces are overwhelmed US sends troops and equipment Truman authorizes MacArthur to fight in Korea United Nations votes to support assistance to Korean Aggression (Soviets were boycotting proceedings)

7. Korea MacArthur lands at Inchon and saves the South Korean Army US forces push north to the Border of China, Yalu River Chinese do not want to see North Koreans conquered- Send 200,000 troops and push Americans back to the 38 th parallel and stalemate occurs MacArthur wants to bomb China with nuclear weapons and widen the war and Truman said no and MacArthur is fired.

8. Korea Stalemate continues until Eisenhower is elected and threatens China with nuclear weapons. Stalemate continues until Eisenhower is elected and threatens China with nuclear weapons. Armistice is agreed to: July 1953 Armistice is agreed to: July 1953 1 million Americans served in Korea, 34,000 US casualties 1 million Americans served in Korea, 34,000 US casualties Good example of the Truman Doctrine and Containment Policy Good example of the Truman Doctrine and Containment Policy

9. Eisenhower and Modern Republicans Landslide Election Landslide Election Ike vs. Stevenson Ike vs. Stevenson Popular War Hero

10. IKE vs. Stevenson From Midwest From Midwest “The Man from Abilene” “The Man from Abilene” “The Man from Abilene” “The Man from Abilene” Vowed to go to Korea to end the war Vowed to go to Korea to end the war Promised to keep essential elements of New Deal Promised to keep essential elements of New Deal 1952 Republicans Won both houses of congress 1952 Republicans Won both houses of congress Ike won 1952 and 1956 Landslides Against the same candidate

11. Ike and the Republicans “Middle Way” Balanced Budget Balanced Budget Keep some of the New Deal programs Keep some of the New Deal programs End war in Korea End war in Korea No deficit spending No deficit spending Wanted to reduce the size of the federal government Wanted to reduce the size of the federal government Limit federal power Return power to the states Reduce defense expenditures Reduce agriculture subsidies Opened wild life preserve to oil and gas leasing

12. The Rosenbergs HUAC followed up on a spy captured by the British Claus Fuchs (worked on the Manhattan project and was giving information to Soviets) HUAC followed up on a spy captured by the British Claus Fuchs (worked on the Manhattan project and was giving information to Soviets) Fuchs gave information regarding Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Fuchs gave information regarding Ethel and Julius Rosenberg They were convicted of Treason and executed in 1953 They were convicted of Treason and executed in 1953

13. McCarthyism 1954 McCarthy continued his abuse and reckless attacks until he goes against the Army McCarthy continued his abuse and reckless attacks until he goes against the Army He pushed too far and lost favor with the American public He pushed too far and lost favor with the American public Because of the spectacle and atrocious behavior the Senate condemned his actions and he will later die in disgrace. Because of the spectacle and atrocious behavior the Senate condemned his actions and he will later die in disgrace.

14. IKE and Civil Rights Ike was not a great supporter of Civil Rights Ike was not a great supporter of Civil Rights Believed that law could not change people’s minds about race- Believed that law could not change people’s minds about race- Blacks continue to move North and West (2 million) Blacks continue to move North and West (2 million) By 1950’s; 40% of Blacks live outside of the South By 1950’s; 40% of Blacks live outside of the South Life in the North Crowded in cities “Ghettos” Whites moved to the suburbs Discrimination in lending and housing practices limited opportunities Federally organized housing projects begin for the poor “The Projects” Skilled labor unions discriminated Some progress is made in the United Auto Workers Union

15. Civil Rights Progress in Eisenhower Administration Conditions were ready for change Conditions were ready for change Returning veterans Returning veterans Black Urban Middle Class grows Black Urban Middle Class grows Educated black leaders Educated black leaders Support the beginning of change Support the beginning of change

16. Warren Court Earl Warren- moderate Republican Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren- moderate Republican Supreme Court Chief Justice Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower later regrets this appointment) Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower later regrets this appointment) Brown v. Board ruling ends segregation in public schools. Brown v. Board ruling ends segregation in public schools. Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial discrimination with “All deliberate speed.” Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial discrimination with “All deliberate speed.”

17. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court “Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. “Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. —

18. Desegregation of the Schools Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (web site) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in the schools Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in the schools Supreme Court ruled in 1896= Plessy v. Fergesun that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown Case overturns Plessy) Supreme Court ruled in 1896= Plessy v. Fergesun that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown Case overturns Plessy) Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions) Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions) Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” Worked for NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. Dubois 1909) Worked for NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. Dubois 1909) Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Marshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused ambition and self esteem to drop Marshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused ambition and self esteem to drop

19. Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Will later be appointed Will later be appointed First African American to First African American to Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court 1967 President Johnson nominated Marshall for Supreme Court Justice

20. Central High, Little Rock Arkansas Court order in Little Rock Court order in Little Rock Central High must be integrated Central High must be integrated Governor Orval Faubus-tried to prevent- citing public safety Governor Orval Faubus-tried to prevent- citing public safety Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred displayed Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred displayed Eisenhower dispatches 101 st Air Born to protect African American students Eisenhower dispatches 101 st Air Born to protect African American students

21. “Massive Resistance” Massive obstruction of Brown Ruling Massive obstruction of Brown Ruling Ignoring the ruling in the south Ignoring the ruling in the south

22. 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott Alabama Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses Rosa Parks, a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks, a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man. Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus company Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus company Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott. Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott. Protested inequality of treatment and injustice with Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience Protested inequality of treatment and injustice with Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience SCLC SCLC

23. MLK and Boycott Boycott lasts 13 months Boycott lasts 13 months 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation of busses was unconstitutional under the 14 th Amendment (Civil Rights) 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation of busses was unconstitutional under the 14 th Amendment (Civil Rights) Through the boycott: Through the boycott: MLK was Arrested, his house was bombed MLK was Arrested, his house was bombed The leading African American Civil Rights group emerges: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957 The leading African American Civil Rights group emerges: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957

24. MLK Leads MLK in Montgomery AL Dexter Avenue Baptist Church start of the Montgomery bus boycott... MLK in Montgomery AL Dexter Avenue Baptist Church start of the Montgomery bus boycott... “If you will protest courageous and yet with dignity and Christian love, in the history books that are written in future generations, historians will have to pause and say, "there lived a great people- a black people, who injected a new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization." this is our challenge and our overwhelming responsibility." “If you will protest courageous and yet with dignity and Christian love, in the history books that are written in future generations, historians will have to pause and say, "there lived a great people- a black people, who injected a new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization." this is our challenge and our overwhelming responsibility."

25. Images of Montgomery

26. 1960 Greensboro, North Carolina Students in North Carolina Students in North Carolina Stage a massive Sit in- at Woolworth Department store lunch counter in a effort to integrate this private establishment Stage a massive Sit in- at Woolworth Department store lunch counter in a effort to integrate this private establishment Student activists create Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Student activists create Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Similar protests developed throughout the south. Similar protests developed throughout the south.

27. Civil Rights Bill 1957 1957 1957 Congress Passed 1 st Civil Rights Bill since reconstruction Congress Passed 1 st Civil Rights Bill since reconstruction Created Civil Rights Commission and Civil and Rights Division of Justice Department Created Civil Rights Commission and Civil and Rights Division of Justice Department Focus was voting rights Focus was voting rights

28. People Left Out of Affluence and Prosperity Mexican Americans Mexican Americans Hispanic population grows Hispanic population grows Puerto Ricans-move to NYC Puerto Ricans-move to NYC 1 million by 1960 1 million by 1960 Bracero Program temporary workers from Mexico Bracero Program temporary workers from Mexico Illegal immigration grows Illegal immigration grows 1950 5 million immigrants deported to Mexico 1950 5 million immigrants deported to Mexico Native Americans 1960 ½ million people still lived on reservations Arizona and New Mexico now allowed Indians to vote Eisenhower supported a movement to terminate the reservations and relocate Indians to urban areas Many Indians didn’t want the move The program was terminated in 1958

29. Teen Culture The “Beat” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs “Beatnik”“Clean” Teen (The “Alienated” Teen)

30. “Rock N Roll” Metaphor for Sexual intercourse Metaphor for Sexual intercourse Bill Haley and the Comets Bill Haley and the Comets “Rock Around the Clock” “Rock Around the Clock” Represents teen generational conflict. Represents teen generational conflict. Mainstream America White Teenagers embrace the African American Musical culture. Mainstream America White Teenagers embrace the African American Musical culture.

31. “Rock N Roll Themes” Dancing and partying all night long Dancing and partying all night long Teen Relationships- love and Promiscuity Teen Relationships- love and Promiscuity Teen problems Teen problems Parent teen relationships Parent teen relationships Love and fighting teens Love and fighting teens Teen angst Teen angst Teenage Heart-break Teenage Heart-break

32. Interstate Highway Act 1956 $27 Billion plan to build $27 Billion plan to build 42,000 Miles of highways 42,000 Miles of highways Ike supports this great public works project. Ike supports this great public works project. National Security Purposes National Security Purposes

33. IKE’s Sec. of State John Foster Dulles  Strong,  Wilsonian- moral leadership, anti-communist  Created the idea of Massive Retaliation-  Using Nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces to counter Communist threats throughout the world  Supported the Arms Race- build up of Atomic weapons and the missile program to deliver weapons  All used as a Deterrence to soviet Aggression and surprise attack (Idea was to deter any attack against the US)

34. Ike and the Cold War Begun under Truman Begun under Truman Ike continues containment Ike continues containment Supported strengthening of Germany and Japan to counter communists- both countries begin to rebuild industry in this period. Supported strengthening of Germany and Japan to counter communists- both countries begin to rebuild industry in this period. US Fleet protects Taiwan US Fleet protects Taiwan Supports anti-Communists Supports anti-Communists Southeast Asia, Middle East Southeast Asia, Middle East Arms Research= Hydrogen bomb Arms Research= Hydrogen bomb

35. Hydrogen Bomb Part of the emerging arms race- each country develops an arms program Part of the emerging arms race- each country develops an arms program US detonates a Hydrogen Bomb- November 1952 US detonates a Hydrogen Bomb- November 1952 August 1953, Soviets will detonate H-Bomb August 1953, Soviets will detonate H-Bomb Weapon’s Gap USASoviets 1950195119522994388410050

36. Examples of the Arms Race The United States after WWII collected German scientists working on rockets (V-2 bombs) The United States after WWII collected German scientists working on rockets (V-2 bombs) US began to build missiles in order to fire against Soviets US began to build missiles in order to fire against Soviets Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM ) missiles able to reach Russia from US Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM ) missiles able to reach Russia from US Atlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developed Atlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developed Nuclear Submarines equipped with missiles are developed to sneak up on Russians Nuclear Submarines equipped with missiles are developed to sneak up on Russians U2- Survelliance Planes are developed to spy on Russians U2- Survelliance Planes are developed to spy on Russians

38. Space Race Soviet Scientists send a satellite into space Soviet Scientists send a satellite into space Sputnik Sputnik Really about sending developing missile technology for delivering Nuclear Weapons Really about sending developing missile technology for delivering Nuclear Weapons US responds by creating NASA US responds by creating NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration

39. The Nuclear Age Nuclear Tests cause fear of “Fallout” or radiation contamination Nuclear Tests cause fear of “Fallout” or radiation contamination Groups call for Test Bans- this results in some agreements (bans tests in the atmosphere but not underground) Groups call for Test Bans- this results in some agreements (bans tests in the atmosphere but not underground)

40. US and Vietnam Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII American Support American Support

41. Southeast Asia Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem Americans aid the South $ and military advisors Americans aid the South $ and military advisors

42. Middle East-Cold War Iran-CIA-Shah- Iran-CIA-Shah- 1953- US CIA sponsors the overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government 1953- US CIA sponsors the overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government Places new Shah (King) in charge of Iran Places new Shah (King) in charge of Iran Reflected the Cold War Reflected the Cold War US will support all non-communist US will support all non-communist Leaders video Leaders videovideo

43. Egypt-Nasser-Russians

44. U2 Incident U2 Spy planes U2 Spy planes High speed, High Altitude High speed, High Altitude Surveillance/Photography Surveillance/Photography Used to gain info on Soviets Used to gain info on Soviets Plane is shot down Plane is shot down Pilot is captured put on trial Pilot is captured put on trial Francis Gary Powers Francis Gary Powers Cyanide pill not taken Cyanide pill not taken