1. Are you ready to take the responsibility?

2. Ernest Hemingway 1899-1961

3. Life a reporter for the Kansas City Star at 18 seriously wounded in WWI at 19 An expatriate in Paris in the 1920s, a good friend with Gertrude Stein - ‘ the lost generation ’ Received the Nobel Prize in 1954 Committed suicide in 1961

4. Major novels The Sun Also Rises (1926) A Farewell to Arms (1929) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

5. Wound 创伤 Physical wound Spiritual wound Symbol of the age

6. The Lost Generation Gertrude Stein WWI The 1920s Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos Nihilism （虚无主义） – disillusion, frustration, hopelessness

7. The code hero Grace under pressure: courage, capacity and dignity in face of nothingness, pain or despair A man can be destroyed but not defeated. (from The Old Man and the Sea)

8. Writing style Economy of words – simple but suggestive Reliance on dialogues – showing rather than telling, highly suggestive of personality Repetition – foregrounding the theme Antithesis – binary oppositions used to contrast different values and forces

9. HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS Ernest Hemingway, 1927

10. What is the couple talking about? The possibility of Jig (the female character) getting an abortion （堕胎 ）

11. Meaning of the Title Woman’s imagination vs. man’s insensibility Barrenness of the hills (white color) in relation to abortion Pregnancy: form of the big and heavy body The woman feels herself expensive but useless to the man.

12. Antithesis (contrasting values) Woman vs. Man - Fertility vs. Sterility - Pregnancy / Birth vs. Abortion - Imagination vs. Insensibility - Stability vs. Restlessness

13. Theme - nihilism Failure to communicate - Jig and the American disagreed upon the issue of Jig getting an abortion and have difficulty convincing each other. Spiritual emptiness (drinks, abortion) - Disillusioned with the American, Jig feels hopeless about their future.

14. Narrative point of view Third person (objective observer) camera-eye perspective - showing characters’ actions, words - no showing of characters’ thoughts and feelings External focalization 外聚焦 叙述者说的比人物知道的少 Effect: highlight the themes

15. Preview Qs for "The Raven" a) Why is the speaker reading at the beginning? b) What change does the raven bring to him? c) What effect does the repetition of sounds produce?

16. Drama Performance Preparation Read the four stories, adapt one into a short play for performance: Washington Irving, “Rip Van Winkle” F. Scott Fitzgerald, “Babylon Revisited” Flannery O’Connor, “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” Alice Walker, “Everyday Use”