1. Waste macro-management Henrik Lid Scharff

2. What is waste?

3. Household waste Sewage Garbage Organics Paper Special Rest

4. Organic waste, traditionally Distributed sources Seen as resource Low impact on nature Natural relationship Heat, fertiliser, construction material.. Used (very) locally

5. Organic waste, industrial age Concentrated sources Waste becoming a problem No local use Distancing relationship Sewage systems and sewage treatment plants Landfill and incinerators

6. Issues arising Spread of pathogens Concentrated outlets, high concentration of nutrients, chemicals, heavy metals etc to: Water; rivers, lakes, fjords, seas Soil, landfill sites, industrial areas etc Air; local odours, methane to atmosphere Removal of nutrients from soil

7. Organic waste, recent National and regional regulations EU prohibited organic landfill in 2004 Reduced disposal to nature Source (household) separation Advanced sewage treatment plants

8. Typical modern waste structure Sewage Garbage Organics Paper Special Rest Sewage treat- ment plants Water Sludge Biogas plant Sorting plant Energy Fertilizer Sea Burning Landfill Compost..or

9. Current issues How to recycle nutrients? How to minimise spreading of pathogens? How to finally dispose? Transportation of Source separation issues Regulation; waste or products? Nutrients in final discharge water

10. End uses from Biogas plant Energy (Methane) Local direct uses Cleaned and Compressed or liquified to vehicle fuel Electricity production (gas engine or turbine)

11. Oslo area VEAS, sewage treatment Bekkelaget, sewage treatment Haraldrud, Sorting and incineration EGE Biogas plant

13. Oslo Biogas plant Source; Cambi AS Contract value 43 m€ Capacity: 50 000 t/a food waste Biogas to vehicle fuel gas (supports 135 buses) Opened january 2013 Household waste, supermarket waste, ABP (slaughter, fishfarm..)

14. Oslo Biogas plant

15. Oslo Biogas Official view

16. Biogas plant, concept Source; Cambi AS

17. Biogas plant, challenges Source; Cambi AS

18. Simplified mass balance Source; Cambi AS

19. Biofertilizer Source; Cambi AS

20. Cambi promotion video