1. Egypt

2. The Nile River Named after Greek word neilos Egyptians called Aur/Ar Longest river in world

3. Egypt’s 5 Natural Barriers 5 Natural Barriers: 1.Red Sea (East) 2.Desert (West) 3.Mediterranean Sea (North) 4.Ethiopian Mts. (South) 5.River Cataracts (5)

4. Manipulating the Nile

6. Modern Manipulations of the Nile: The Aswan Dam

7. Saving Abul Simbel

8. The Egyptian Dynasties: the Pre, Old, Middle and Intermediate Eras Pre-DynasticOld Kingdom1 st Intermediate Middle Kingdom 2 nd Intermediate New Kingdom

9. Pre-Dynastic Era Dynasties 0-3 Lived in small villages called Nomes – Led by Nomarchs Eventually Nomes org. into 2 large Kingdoms – Lower and Upper Egypt

10. Unification of Egypt Scorpion I and II – 1 st attempts to unify Narmer/Menes – Successfully unified – Made Memphis capital Symbol Unification – Combined red & white crowns

11. Death in Pre-Dynastic Egypt No afterlife & No Pyramids But did Bury Dead – Shallow pits – Mastabas

12. The Old Kingdom Dynasties 3-6 Role of Pharaoh expanded – Absolute power – Practiced Polygamy – A living God Ra most imp. God Era of the Pyramids – 4 th Dynasty

13. 1 st Intermediate Era Dynasties 7-11 Remembered as time of misery & chaos Causes – Econ. & Environmental Prob. – Believed Pharaoh lost Ma’at Invaded & Ruled by outsiders – Asiatic People?

14. Middle Kingdom Dynasties 11-14 Egypt re-united by Mentuhotep II A Return to Peace – Focus… Trade, Agriculture, Power! (Not pyramids) pyramids – Capital Thebes 12 th Dynasty (the “best”) – Capital at Itj-tawy – Co-regency – #1 God Amun-Ra – Improved military and security

15. Middle Kingdom Pyramids

16. Second Intermediate Dynasties 13-17 Again, ruled by outsiders – Hyksos Era remembered as curse, but a blessing in disguise – Got new military strategies and chariot

17. New Kingdom Dynasties 18-20 Re-united by Kamose and Ahmose Egypt’s Golden Empire – Nubia to Euphrates – Capital Thebes Era of religious revolution – Akhenaten’s Aten New capital Tell-el-Amarna – Valley of Kings and Queens – Book of the Dead Book of the Dead Ended w/ invasion of Sea People

18. Can you Decipher the Following Codes? NWRUS UGH MYOB IDK BFF NJOY

19. Text Messages vs. Hieroglyphics NWRUS UGH MYOB IDK BFF NJOY

20. Egyptian Writing Hieroglyphics – “Sacred Writings” – “Words of Gods” – Consisted of several hundred picture signs 3 basic elements 1.Entire Words (Ideograms) 2.Individual Sounds (Phonograms) 3.Determinatives- symbols used to express concepts

21. Rebus Puzzle Modern Hieroglyphics

23. Growing Economy

25. Space Invaders

27. Life Begins at 40

29. Forgive and Forget

31. Head for Cover

33. Falling in Love

34. From Hieroglyphics to Hieratic and Demotic writing Hieroglyphics = Proper Egyptian Writing Used for official inscriptions carved on stele and temple walls Hieratic & Demotic = Egyptian “Slang” Hieratic “Priestly Script” - cursive script, used for less formal events – Ex: Temple accounts Demotic “Business Script”- shorthand writing used by merchants and traders

35. Rosetta Stone 1799 found by Napoleon’s troops 3 inscriptions – Hieroglyphic – Demotic – Greek Deciphered by Jean Francois Champollion

36. Cartouche

37. Why Hieroglyphics are confusing Didn’t distinguish between synonyms – Ex: Area vs. Space or There vs. Their Used same symbols for letters articulated the same. – Ex: I and E b/c “iiiiiiiiii” and “eeeeeeeeee” use same vocal chords Ignored vowels, shortened words by using consonants – Ex: Freight = FRT Problem: FRT could also stand for other words… Fort, Ferret, Fart? Language does not perfectly translate into English. Ex: No TH sound, so have to say dis and dat Can write and read: – Left to right – Right to left – Columns

38. The Cursive Debate

39. Egyptian Religion Religion guided EVERY aspect of Egyptian life! Trends in Egyptian Mythology/Religion – Polytheistic o/ 2000 Gods! – Gods were Anthropomorphic Part animal part human Strongly influenced by tradition!

40. NUN (Watery Chaos) ATUM (Re) SHU (Air) GEB (Earth) OSIRIS (Underworld) ISIS (Protective Goddess of living) Horus (Protector of Reigning Pharaoh) TEFNUT (Moisture) NUT (Sky) SETH (Chaos) NEPHTHYS (Protective Goddess of Dead) Anubis (God of Mummification)

41. Egyptian Religion Continued… The Horus King – Pharaohs considered living form of Horus – Job to maintain order (Ma’at) on earth by issuing laws of Gods

42. Belief in the Afterlife Focused on afterlife more than any other ancient society. To achieve rebirth needed to unite souls with body Egyptians believed the soul had 3 parts – “ba” the soul “personality” – “ka” the double of the person – “akh” represented the form of dead in the after life (union of ba and ka) Mummification was crucial!

43. Mummification

44. Early Mummification

45. Mummification as we know it today

46. The Steps…

47. Canopic Jars HapyDuamutefQebehsenuefImsety LungsStomachIntestinesLiver

48. Wow, What a Great Job!!

49. Recreating the Ancient Mummification Process

50. Mummies Around the World

51. Bogs

52. Bog Bodies

55. Reconstructed Bog Bodies Yde Girl

56. South American Mummies

57. China’s Mummies

58. Italian Catacomb Mummies

59. Pompeii Mummies

60. AIDS Mummy in Thailand

61. Looks that Last

62. Modern Mummification: Plastination

63. Modern Mummification: Plastination Continued…

64. Modern Mummification: Plastination and Controversy…

65. Stine in 10 Years?

66. Egyptian Funeral