1. Major Endocrine Glands I. Hypothalamus II. Pituitary gland III. Thyroid gland IV. Parathyroid glands V. Pancreas VI. Adrenal glands VII. Gonads VIII. Pineal gland

2. II. Pituitary Gland = “The Master Gland” Stimulates all other endocrine glands Two parts: posterior and anterior Posterior Pituitary: 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – promotes retention of water by kidneys 2. Oxytocin (OT) – responsible for contractions during labor and milk ejection

3. Anterior Pituitary Gland 1. Growth hormone (GH) – promotes growth 2. Prolactin (PRL) – stimulates milk production 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates secretion of estrogen, development of follicle cells in ovaries, sperm maturation 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) – promotes ovulation, secretion of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone 5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – triggers secretion of thyroid hormones 6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates production of glucocorticoids

4. Chapter 18 The Endocrine System Cont..

5. Major Endocrine Glands I. Hypothalamus II. Pituitary gland III. Thyroid gland IV. Parathyroid glands V. Pancreas VI. Adrenal glands VII. Gonads VIII. Pineal gland

6. V. The Pancreas Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon

7. The Pancreas Cont. 1.Insulin - ↓ blood glucose levels by enhancement of glucose utilization 2.Glucagon - ↑ blood glucose level by stimulating glycogen and fat breakdown, and glucose production at the liver

9. Diabetes Mellitus Consistent increased blood glucose levels Type I - Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus rapid onset of symptoms prior to age 15 lack of insulin activity – patients need daily, frequent dosages of insulin Type II - Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus usually in overweight individuals some insulin is produced management by diet, exercise and antihyperglycemic drugs

10. VI. Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands (2) sit on top of kidneys Produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine/norepi- nephrine

11. Adrenal Glands Cont. 1.Mineralocorticoids - ↑ absorption of sodium and water; ↑ blood V and blood p 2.Glucocorticoids - ↑ blood glucose level (insulin antagonist); anti-inflammatory effect 3.Epinephrine/norepinephrine - stimulated by the Sympathetic Division of the ANS; ↑ muscular strength in skeletal and cardiac muscles; ↑ breakdown of glucose, fats, and glycogen

13. VII. Gonads Testes - produce testosterone Testosterone - promotes production of sperm, determines male secondary sexual characteristics, maintains glands of the male reproductive system, and stimulates growth

14. Ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin 1.Estrogen – responsible for maturation of eggs, growth of uterine lining, and development of female secondary sexual characteristics 2.Progesterone - prepares uterus for the arrival of embryo and enlarges mammary glands 3.Relaxin - produced during pregnancy to loosen pubic symphysis, expand uterus, and stimulates mammary gland development

16. VIII. Pineal Gland Produces melatonin Melatonin - involved in maintenance of wake and sleep cycles, effective antioxidant